The Philosophical Theory of the StateBosanquet, Bernard
Philosophy
The Philosophical Theory of the State
Bosanquet, Bernard
Political science -- Philosophy; State, The -- Philosophy
“As far as I know, the idea of the whole of the State
has so far only been established through the ideal
combination of individuals, and thereby the true insight
into the nature of this relation has been cut off.” [2]
[1] Fichte (_Werke_, iii. 203 ff.) says, “Indeterminate”; viz.
I undertake to aid in protecting whoever is injured. Now, I can
never know (he argues) who in particular is to be benefited by
this undertaking; many are invisibly benefited by it through the
suppression of the injurious will before it comes to be manifest.
Therefore the relation is really organic; every part strives to
conserve every part, because injury to any part may concern any part.
It is the general as indeterminate, really less of a unity than
Rousseau’s “moi commun”.
[2] Werke, iii. 207. The “ideal combination” = the imaginary contract.
You must, he urges, not merely have an idea of combination; you must
show a bond of union beyond the idea, or making the idea necessary.
“In our account this has been achieved. In the notion
of that which is to be protected, in accordance with
the necessary uncertainty _which_ individual will need
the visible protection, and still further, _which_ it
will have advantaged invisibly in the case of a wrongful
will suppressed by the law before its outbreak, all
individuals are forced into unity.
{246} “The most fitting simile to elucidate this notion
is that of an organised natural product, which has
often been employed in modern times to describe the
different branches of the public power as a unity, but
not, so far as I know, to throw light on the whole civic
relation. Just as, in the natural product, every part
can be what it is only in _this_ combination, and out
of this combination simply would not be this (indeed
outside all organic combination there would simply be
nothing ...): just so it is only in the combination of
the State that man attains a definite position in the
series of things, a point of rest in nature; and each
attains _this determinate_ position towards others, and
towards Nature, only through the fact that he is in
_this determinate_ combination. ... In the organic body
every part continually maintains the whole, and while it
maintains it, is itself maintained thereby; just such is
the citizen’s relation to the State.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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