and Cartesian theory, (deductive knowledge starting from the simple). VII. The principles of VII. Geometry and mechanics mathematics are synthetical _a are natural sciences, and pure priori_ propositions. (Kant). analysis can never establish their principles. VIII. The order of the universe VIII. The conduct of man is the basis of moral order: is regulated externally by the (Stoics, Spinoza, Leibnitz). whole of the laws of the world in which he lives. IX. The history of humanity IX. The evolution of humanity is directed by a providential is accomplished according to a wisdom. law. X. The notion of a natural X. The various orders of law does not necessarily natural phenomena are irreducible imply a mechanism. and nevertheless convergent, the real becoming richer at each new degree. XI. Theory of the immortality XI. Theory of the “subjective of the soul. existence,” or of survival in the consciousness of others. XII. Rational theology. XII. The positive science of Humanity. This list might easily be prolonged. Once again it shows us that, in the history of philosophy as in history in general, the result of the most apparently radical revolutions is not so much to abolish as to transform. Thus, Kant’s philosophy might seem to be entirely opposed to that of Leibnitz. Yet we see that the metaphysics of Leibnitz is to be found almost in its entirety in Kant. Of this dogmatic philosophy Kant has preserved the doctrine. He only rejected its dogmatism; which, as a matter of fact, was of capital importance. In the same way, positive philosophy has often been presented as the formal negation of the philosophy which preceded it. When we verify this, we nearly always find them both concerned with the same problems, and often reaching analogous solutions. Here again it is only a question of transposition; an extremely serious one it is true, on account of all that it implies.