Let us try to construct a notion of what this organisation in the
developing ovum must be. In the 16-blastomere stage of the sea-urchin
egg we have a “system” of parts. In the case of normal development each
of these parts has a certain actual fate--it will form a part of the
larva into which the embryo is going to develop: It has, as Driesch
says, a _prospective value_. But let the normal process be interfered
with, and then each of these parts does something else. In the extreme
case of interference, when the blastomeres are separated from each
other, each blastomere, instead of forming only a part of a larva,
forms a whole larva. The _prospective potency_ of the part, that is its
possible fate, is greater than its prospective value. Normally it has
a limited, definite function in development, but if necessary it may
greatly exceed this function.
What any one blastomere in the system will become depends upon its
position with regard to the other blastomeres. When the egg of the frog
is floating freely in water it lies in a certain position with the
lighter part uppermost, and then development is normal, each of the two
first blastomeres giving rise to a particular part of the body of the
larva; that is, each of them is affected by the contact of the other
and develops into whatever part of the normal embryo the other does
not. But let the egg in the 2-cell stage be turned over and held so
that the heavy part is uppermost: the protoplasm then begins to rotate
so as to bring the lighter part uppermost; but the two blastomeres
do not, as a rule, adjust themselves to the same extent, and at the
same rate, and corresponding parts may fail to come into contact with
each other. Lacking, then, the normal stimulus of the other part,
each blastomere begins to develop by itself, and a double embryo is
produced. It is clear, then, both from this case and the last one,
that the actual fate of any one part of the system of blastomeres _is
a function of its position_. What it will become depends precisely on
where it is situated with respect to the other parts.
Driesch, then, calls the system of parts in such cases as the 2-cell
frog embryo, or the 16-cell sea-urchin embryo, an _equipotential
system_, since each part is potentially able to do what any other part
may do, and what the whole system may do. But in normal development
each part has a definite fate and its activity is co-ordinated
with that of all the other parts. It is, therefore, an _harmonious
equipotential system_, each part acting in harmony, and towards a
definite result, with all the others; although if necessary it can take
the place of _any_ or _all_ of the others.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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