In all such changes energy is dissipated. What exactly does this mean?
It means that, generally speaking, the potential energy of chemical
compounds tends to transform into kinetic energy; while differences
in the intensity factor of the kinetic energy of the bodies forming
a system tend to become minimal. In a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen
there is energy of two kinds, (1) potential energy due to the position
of the molecules (O and H molecules are separated); and (2) kinetic
energy of the molecules (which are moving about in the masses of gas).
After the explosion the potential energy acquired in the separation of
the molecules of O and H has disappeared (the molecules having combined
to form water), but the kinetic energy has greatly increased, since the
explosion results in the formation of steam at high temperature. But
now this steam radiates off heat to adjacent bodies, or becomes cooled
by direct contact with the envelope which contains it. The energy of
the explosion is therefore distributed to the adjoining bodies, and
the temperature of the latter becomes raised. But these again radiate
and conduct heat to other bodies, and in this way the heat generated
becomes indefinitely diffused.
The general effect of all physico-chemical changes is therefore the
generation of heat, and then this heat tends to distribute itself
throughout the whole system of bodies in which the physico-chemical
changes occur. The energy passes into the state of kinetic energy,
that is, the motion of the molecules of the bodies to which the heat
is communicated. This molecular motion is least in solids, greater in
liquids, and greatest in gases. If solids, liquids, and gases are in
contact, forming complex systems, the kinetic energy of their molecules
becomes distributed in definite ways, depending on the constants of
the systems. After this redistribution the kinetic energy of these
molecules is unavailable for further energy transformations, so that
phenomena or change in the system ceases. There is no longer effective
physical diversity among the parts of the system.
We find that this conception of dissipation of energy cannot be applied
to the organism, at least not with the generality in which it applies
to physical systems. Why? Not because the conception is unsound, or
because the physico-chemical reactions that occur in material of the
organism are of a different order from those that occur in inorganic
systems--they are of the same order. The second law of energetics is
subject to limitations, and it is because it is applied to organic
happenings without regard to these limitations that it does not
describe the activities of the organism as well as it describes those
of inorganic nature.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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