101. The ribs successively and considerably increase in length as far as the seventh, by which the cavity they encompass is enlarged; from the seventh they successively diminish in length, and the capacity of the corresponding part of the cavity is lessened. The direction of the ribs from above downwards is oblique (fig. XLV. 7, 8). Their external or anterior surface is convex (fig. XLV. 7, 8); their internal or posterior surface is concave: by the first their strength is increased; by the second the general cavity of the thorax is enlarged (fig. XLV. 7, 8). Their upper margin is smooth and rounded, and gives attachment to a double layer of muscles, called the intercostal, placed in the intervals that separate the ribs from each other (fig. LIX.). Along the lower margin is excavated a deep groove, for the lodgment and protection of the intercostal vessels. 102. The ribs are connected with the spinal column chiefly by what is termed the _anterior ligament_ (fig. LVI. 1), which is attached to the head of the rib (fig. LVI.), and which, dividing into three portions (fig. LVI. 1), firmly unites every rib to two of the vertebræ, and to the intervertebral substance (fig. LVI. 1). This articulation is fortified by a second ligament (fig. LVI. 2), also attached to a head of the rib, termed the _interarticular_ (fig. LVI. 2), and by three others, one of which is attached on the fore part, and the two others in the back part, to the neck of the rib (fig. LVII. 1). [Illustration: Fig. LVI. Ligaments connecting the ribs to the spinal column. 1. anterior ligaments; 2. interarticular ligament; 3. ligaments of the necks of the ribs.] The cartilages of the seven superior ribs are attached to the sternum by a double layer of ligamentous fibres, termed the _anterior and the posterior ligaments of the sternum_ (fig. LVIII.). So strong are the bands which thus attach the ribs to the spinal column and the sternum, that the ribs cannot be dislocated without fracture. "Such at least is the case in experiments upon the dead body, where, though the rib be subjected to the application of force by means of an instrument best calculated to detach its head from the articulation, yet it is always broken." [Illustration: Fig. LVII. 1, &c. Ligaments connecting the ribs to the vertebræ behind.] While thus firmly attached to their points of support, the ligaments, which fix them, are so disposed as to render the ribs capable of being readily moved upwards and downwards: upwards in inspiration; downwards in expiration; and it is by this alternate action that they enlarge and diminish the cavity of the thorax in the function of respiration. [Illustration: Fig. LVIII. Ligaments joining the cartilages of the ribs to the sternum.]