to honour the Christ, trembled before the Pope; and one faith and one church were preserved in Europe, amid the breaking up and subdivision of the newly-founded kingdoms into a thousand petty principalities. We know what Pope made Charlemagne the first Emperor; _but who made the first Pope_? The Pope, they say, was only a Bishop; yes, but at the same time, the _Holy Father_, the _Sovereign Pontiff_, the great Caliph, (as he was called by Ho-Albufreda, Prince of Hamath) of all the kingdoms and principalities, of all the lordships and cities of the West. It is he who controuled by the fear of God the stormy youth of our modern states. At present even, when his authority is no longer formidable, he is still very puissant by the benedictions which he showers; he is still an object of veneration to innumerable hearts, honoured by the kings who honour the nations, invested with a power, before which in the long succession of ages, from the Cæsars to the House of Hapsburg, a host of nations and all their great names have vanished. "We declaim against the Pope! as if it were such a misfortune that there should exist an authority to superintend the practice of Christian morality, and to say to ambition and to despotism, Halt!--so far, and no further! _Bisher, und nicht weiter_!" So speaks the illustrious John Muller. The celebrated Herder allows "that without the hierarchy, Europe in all probability had become the prey of tyrants, the theatre of eternal wars, or even a desert." "The hierarchy," says Beck, "opposed the progress of despotism in Europe, preserved the elements of civilization, and upheld in the recollection of men what is so easily effaced--the ties which bind earth to Heaven. Those ignorant men, as we affect to call them, have settled almost all the countries of Europe. The fruits of that time are the formation of the third estate, whence dates the true existence of nations--and the establishment of cities, wherein social life and true liberty were developed."--_Beck on the Middle Age_, page 13. _Leipzick_, 1824.