XVI. _Gladness_ (_gaudium_) is a joy with the accompanying idea of something past, which, unhoped for, has happened. XVII. _Remorse_ is sorrow with the accompanying idea of something past, which, unhoped for, has happened. XVIII. _Commiseration_ is sorrow with the accompanying idea of evil which has happened to some one whom we imagine like ourselves. _Explanation._--Between commiseration and compassion there seems to be no difference, excepting perhaps that commiseration refers rather to an individual emotion and compassion to it as a habit. XIX. _Favor_ is love towards those who have benefited others. XX. _Indignation_ is hatred towards those who have injured others. _Explanation._--I am aware that these names in common bear a different meaning. But my object is not to explain the meaning of words but the nature of things, and to indicate them by words whose customary meaning shall not be altogether opposed to the meaning which I desire to bestow upon them. I consider it sufficient to have said this once for all. XXI. _Over-estimation_ consists in thinking too highly of another person in consequence of our love for him. XXII. _Contempt_ consists in thinking too little of another person in consequence of our hatred for him. _Explanation._--Over-estimation and contempt are therefore respectively effects or properties of love or hatred, and so over-estimation may be defined as love in so far as it affects a man so that he thinks too much of the beloved object; and, on the contrary, contempt may be defined as hatred in so far as it affects a man so that he thinks too little of the object he hates. XXIII. _Envy_ is hatred in so far as it affects a man so that he is sad at the good fortune of another person and is glad when any evil happens to him. _Explanation._--To envy is generally opposed compassion (_misericordia_), which may therefore be defined as follows, notwithstanding the usual signification of the word:-- XXIV. _Compassion_ is love in so far as it affects a man so that he is glad at the prosperity of another person and is sad when any evil happens to him. I pass now to consider other emotions which are attended by the idea of something within us as the cause. XXV. _Self-satisfaction_ is the joy which is produced by contemplating ourselves and our own power of action. XXVI. _Humility_ is the sorrow which is produced by contemplating our impotence or helplessness. Self-satisfaction is opposed to humility in so far as we understand by the former the joy which arises from contemplating our power of action, but in so far as we understand by it joy attended with the idea of something done, which we believe has been done by a free decree of our mind, it is opposed to repentance, which we may thus define:-- XXVII. _Repentance_ is sorrow accompanied with the idea of something done which we believe has been done by a free decree of our mind.