[2] The history of the enfranchising of Ethic from Religion has been done with especial care by Jodl, _Gesch. d. Ethik als philos. Wissensch._ vol. I². (Stuttgart--Berlin, 1906). For Vico, cf. my book, _The Philosophy of G. B. Vico_ (Bari, 1911). [3] _Phil. d. Rechts,_ § 4, Zus.; _Gesch. d. Philos._ ii. pp. 66, 169. [4] _Eth. Nicom._ 1103. [5] See above. [6] _Kritik d. prakt. Vern.,_ ed. Kirchmann, pp. 7-8. [7] _Allg. prakt. Phil.,_ ed. Hartenstein, p. 107. [8] _Memor._ iv., c. 2, §§ 14-16. Schopenhauer also exhaustively, _Gründl. d. Moral,_ in _Werke,_ ed. Grisebach, iii. pp. 603-607. [9] _Metaphys. d. Sitten,_ ed. Kirchmann, p. 248. [10] _De Finibus,_ v, c. 23. [11] _System der Sittenlehre,_ § 29, in _Werke,_ iv. 346-347. [12] _Gründl. d. Moral,_ ed., cit., iii. pp. 506-508. [13] _Allg. prakt. Philos.,_ ed. Hartenstein, pp. 29-30. [14] _Metaphys. d. Sitten,_ pp. 247-248. [15] _Op. cit._ p. 251. [16] _Metaphys. d. Sitten,_ p. 255 _sqq._ [17] _System d. Sittenlehre,_ pp. 208. [18] _Philos. d. Rechts,_ §§ 148, 150. [19] _Werke,_ i. 323-423. [20] In the _Entwurf e. Systems d. Sittenlehre_ (in _Werke,_ sec. iii. vol. v.), and cf. the collected writings in _Werke,_ iii. I. [21] For example, F. Paulsen, _System der Ethik,_ Leipzig, 1906. [22] _Médit._ iv.; and _Réponses aux 3mes et aux 3mes object_. [23] Epist. in _Opera,_ ed. Gfrörer, p. 523. [24] Cf., among other places, _Logica,_ §§ p. 278 _sq.; Fil. d. diritto_ (Napoli, 1844), I. p. 50. [25] _Monologen,_ in _Werke,_ i. 363. [26] Cf. Jodl, _Gesch. d. Eth._ ii. pp. 131-132. [27] _Estetica_ 4, p. 222. [28] _Allg. pract. Phil._ pp. 9-22. [29] _Woldemar_(1779, 1794-95), in _Werke,_ v. p. 78. [30] _Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft,_ Berlin, 1892-93. [31] For the doctrine of feeling see, chiefly, Volkmann, _Lehrb. d. Psychol._ (Cothen, 1885), ii. pp. 301-311; F. Brentano, _Psychol._ (Leipzig, 1874), 1., ii. c. 5; cf. _Ursprung sitt. Erkennt._ (Leipzig, 1889) pp. 51-55; A. Palme, _Sulzer's Psychol, u. d. Anfänge d. Dreivermögenslehre_ (Berlin, 1905). Cf. also Croce, _Estetica,_ pp. 226-228, 4th ed. SECOND SECTION THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY IN ITS DIALECTIC I NECESSITY AND LIBERTY OF THE VOLITIONAL ACT