The practical discipline that arranges in groups and classifies the spiritual facts concerning man, is _Psychology._ But the writer or the professor is not the only psychologist. Man himself is a psychologist; even the savage constructs in some sort of way his psychology of types and classes. And to remain within the circle of volitional acts, their psychology or description by types has always existed. A conspicuous example of this was the Comedy of Menander or the New Comedy in Greece. This partly received and gave artistic form to the results of the observations of the moralists and partly served as material for the elaboration of treatises, to such an extent that the _Characters_ of Theophrastus have been looked upon as a repertory or summary of theatrical types. In the _Rhetoric_ of Aristotle, a whole book is devoted to a description of affections, passions, and habits. In modern times, Descartes lamented the insufficiency of ancient treatises on the subject, and presented as quite a new thing his _Traité des passions._ In this treatise, six _primitive_ passions being distinguished (admiration, love, hate, desire, joy, and sadness), he maintained that all the others were derived from them: esteem, contempt, generosity, pride, humility, baseness, veneration, disdain, hope, fear, jealousy, certainty, desperation, irresolution, courage, hardihood, emulation, cowardice, terror, remorse, mockery, piety, satisfaction, repentance, favour, gratitude, indignation, anger, glory, shame, and so on. Spinoza, following the example of Descartes and correcting his theories, devoted the third part of his _Ethic_ to the affections or passions, considering them _perinde ac si quaestio de lineis planis aut de corporibus esset._ Let it suffice to mention the _Anthropologia_ of Kant among the other most celebrated treatises upon the argument. [Sidenote: _Extension of practical description._]