[152] The name _Cardaces_ among the Persians is said to be derived from “courage,” “virtue.” Such words are generally derived from the names of tribes whose qualities are thus conveyed. [153] Thus, on the north coast of Africa, the south wind is called _Giblu_, the north wind _Baharu_, because the one blows from the mountains, the other from the sea. [154] The Tasguments, Jonathan and Onkelos, say that the ark rested, the former on _Kardon_, the latter on _Kardu_.--DRUMMOND’S Origines, vol. i. p. 69. [155] Four thousand years ago the polar star was apud Draconis. See Herschell on the Entrance to the Pyramid of Gizeh, _apud_ Vyse. [156] _P’hn_ does occur in the hieroglyphics as the name of a people, but who they are is not known. _Sharu_ is the general name given to the Phœnicians or “Celequins,” as the Turks say to-day _Shaerli_, otherwise the name of the town is used. As Homer has it: “Speak of the fortress in the waters, Taru of the Sea is its name. Water is carried to it in boats. It has fishes for bread.” British Museum Papyrus, Pl. Lv. [157] From תוזרפ _perazoth_, dwellers in unwalled villages. [158] Our best vessels are on the lines of the old French, which in the time of Louis XIV. were copied from the Turks, who had them from the Byzantine Greeks, who originally derived them from the Phœnicians. [159] Herodotus, l. ii. c. 44. President Goguet, Origines des Lois, vol. ii. p. 114. Drummond’s Origines, vol. iii. p. 94. [160] The word _P’hen_ occurs, though I believe only once, in our Egyptian monuments as the name of a people: who the people were is uncertain. [161] These statements rest on the authority of Sir Alexander Johnson. An account of these people is given in Pridhane’s Ceylon, p. 470-480. The Cingalese call them _Marakkalaya_, which means boatmen; they are _Sheas_, while the Mussulmans of the continent are _Souni_. [162] Towards the end of his reign an insurrection took place, of which the field lay principally at Bussorah; but in this case we know that the defeated insurgents retreated northward to seek the protection of the Turks.--See Ockley, vol. ii. p. 372. [163] At the beginning of the eleventh century the western Arabs were not in possession of the compass, for the astronomer Ebu Youni constructed a table by which to find the Kibleh. [164] Columbus, on reaching dry land westward, wrote, “The world is not so large _as is supposed_.” [165] Glass, for instance, not as a native product, but as an exotic. [166] Such as “the Seal of Solomon.” [167] “Homer, in the Odyssey, says that the Greeks used the needle in the time of the siege of Troy: thus it is certain that the polarity of the magnet and the mariner’s compass were discoveries which date back 3000 years.”--BUFFON, t. xii. p. 386. This passage is often quoted to throw ridicule on the supposition. The only mistake of Buffon was in reading as general the description which in Homer was particular and restricted. [168]