Spain, in the selection of public servants, to a certain degree imitated Rome, and resembled Russia. She did not think, that, to insure fidelity and authority, it was necessary that they should be her own nobles and chief men, as in the case of all modern European governments. Spain owed perhaps to the caprice of her monarchs, a facility which Rome possessed by the comprehensive nature of her institutions. Rome, however, so dignified the nations only that she had already incorporated; Russia, the subjects of the state she purposes to acquire. FOOTNOTES: [47] Septem. [48] This flag is small and square, and hangs from a rod which is hoisted to an iron crane, to give it play and spread it out in calm weather, like the _vexillum_. I do not suppose it to be a relic of the Romans, but rather, that when the Romans landed, it had already fluttered for a thousand years on the leafy sides of Atlas. It is called _Alem_, and is hoisted at the hours of prayer. On Friday it is white, on other days blue. [49] I am told that where there are in Barbary Christian houses, they are coloured yellow by means of copperas water over the lime. [50] “Aristote en donnant des éloges à ce gouvernement lui fait des reproches qui paraissent mal fondés. Le premier porte sur la cumulation des emplois. Il est certain qui cette coutume forma de grands hommes dans la Grèce, à Carthage, et à Rome, en obligeant les citoyens à étudier également l’art de la guerre, la science de l’administration et celle des lois, parties differentes mais qui se touchent plus qu’on ne pense. Leur séparation dans les temps modernes a fait naitre de dangereux esprits de corps et de funestes rivalités.”--SEGUR, _Hist. Univ. Carthage_, p. 83. [51] Marshal Bugeaud published an order on attendance at worship--alleging as a reason that it was requisite to secure the respect of the Arabs. [52] See circular of the Bishop of Chalons, in 1843, for prayers of thanksgiving. [53] “A great fact is written at full length at p. 9 of the report:--‘In 1831, the effective of the French troops amounted to 18,000 men of all arms; in 1834, to 30,000; in 1838, to 48,000; in 1841, to 70,000; in 1843, to 76,000; in 1845, to 83,000; in 1846, to 101,000.’ Is it not the contrary which would appear simple? We could understand having commenced with 101,000 men in Africa, and now having only 18,000; but that we should have commenced with 18,000 men, to arrive after fifteen years, at 101,000--is not this the most severe condemnation that could be pronounced against the absurd and false system which has been followed?”--_La Presse._