counteract neuralgia of the testicles and spermatic cord, accompanied at the same time by intestinal colic, the spermatic cord was _cut out_, being looked upon as the cause of the suffering. Important too is the case related by _Hippocrates_,[345] where a patient at Athens suffered from _prurigo_ (itch) of the whole body, but above all of the _testicles_ and the forehead, his skin having grown thick and hard as it does in leprosy, so that nowhere could it be pulled up above the general surface. _Induration_ of the testicles is mentioned by _Galen_,[346] who assigns it as one cause of sterility. The same author[347] likewise speaks of the testicles being affected with _aphthae_ (διδύμους ἀφθῶντας), which he says should be treated with _terra cimolia_ (Cimolian chalk) and myrtle-berries. § 41. 3. Ulcers of the Genitals. φθινάς, ἄνθραξ, ἔσχαρα,—robigo, cancer. (Wasting ulcer, malignant pustule, scab,—ulcerous sore, eating, suppurating ulcer). Though we cannot exactly subscribe to Alexander Simon’s declaration to the effect that it would fill whole volumes, if we wished to cite systematically and in full all that has been said by the oldest and earlier medical Writers on ulcerous affections that attack the sexual parts from the points of view of pathology and therapeutics, still the number of such passages is no doubt sufficiently imposing. Unfortunately their contents cannot be described as equally important; for the pathological side is sacrificed to the therapeutic,—in fact the great majority give nothing more than the general names ἕλκος (ulcer) or φλεγμονὴ αἰδοίου (inflamed tumour of the privates), and then at once pass on to discuss the remedial measures expedient. This mode of procedure is indeed quite consistent with the general character of medical science in those days, for it is always the case that the more medicine declines, the more practitioners think themselves bound to look for remedial means nowhere but in the prescription-books. Curiously enough we find that almost every thing given by the later physicians already has a place in the pages of _Celsus_; the latter probably utilized the Alexandrian physicians, on whose knowledge the later Writers appear to have made little advance.