She has the right to require that temporal causes, whether civil or criminal, to which clergymen are parties, should be tried by ecclesiastical tribunals. (31.) She has the right to alter the conclusions of a National Church Council, and to reject the claim of the Government of the country to have the matter decided in the terms adopted by such National Council. (36.) She has the right to prevent the foundation of any National Church, not subject to the authority of the Roman Pontiff. (37.) She has the right to reject any claim on the part of the State to either a direct and positive or an indirect and negative power in religious affairs, and more especially when the State is ruled by an unbelieving prince. (41.) She has the right to reject the claim of the State to exercise a power of _exequatur_, or to allow appeals from ecclesiastical to civil tribunals. (41.) She has the right to exclude the civil power from all interference in "matters which appertain to" religion, morals, and spiritual government. Hence she has the right of excluding it from pronouncing any judgment on instructions which may be issued by any pastor of the Church for the guidance of conscience. (44.) She has the right to deprive the civil authority of the entire government of public schools. (45.) She has the right to refuse to show the plan of study in clerical seminaries to civil authorities. (46.) She has the right to fix the age for taking monastic vows both for men and women, irrespective of the civil authority. (52.) She has the right to uphold the laws of religious orders against the civil authority; the right to deprive the latter of power to aid any who, after having taken vows, should seek to escape from monasteries or nunneries; and the right to prevent it from taking the houses, churches, or funds of religious orders under secular management. (53.) She has the right of holding kings and princes in subjection to her jurisdiction, and of denying that their authority is superior to her own in determining questions of jurisdiction. (54.) She has the right of perpetuating the union of Church and State. (55.) She has the right of subjecting the study of philosophy, moral science, and civil law, to ecclesiastical authority. (56.) She has the right of enjoining a policy of intervention. (62.) She has the right to require the sacrament of marriage as essential to every contract of marriage. (62.) She has the right to deprive the civil authority of power to sanction divorce in any case. (67.) She has the right to enact impediments which invalidate marriage, the right to prevent the State from doing so, also the right to prevent it from annulling such impediments when existing. (68.)