The Position of Woman in Primitive Society: A Study of the MatriarchyHartley, C. Gasquoine (Catherine Gasquoine)
History
The Position of Woman in Primitive Society: A Study of the Matriarchy
Hartley, C. Gasquoine (Catherine Gasquoine)
Matriarchy; Women -- History
The Hopis, another Pueblo tribe, are more conservative, and with them
the women own all the property except the horses and donkeys, which
belong to the men. Among the Pueblos the women commonly have control
over the granary, and they are very provident about the future.
Ordinarily they try to have one year’s provisions on hand. It is only
when two years of scarcity succeed each other that the community
suffers hunger. Like the Zuñis, the Hopis are monogamists. Sexual
freedom is, however, permitted to a girl before marriage. This in no
way detracts from her good repute; even if she has given birth to a
child “she will be sure to marry later on, unless she happens to be
shockingly ugly.” Nor does the child suffer, for among these maternal
peoples, the bastard takes an equal place with the child born in
wedlock. The bride lives for the first few weeks with her husband’s
family, during which time the marriage takes place, the ceremony being
performed by the bridegroom’s mother, whose family also provides the
bride with her wedding outfit. The couple then return to the home of
the wife’s parents, where they remain, either permanently, or for some
years, until they can obtain a separate dwelling. The husband is
always a stranger, and is so treated by his wife’s kin. The dwelling
of his mother remains his true home, in sickness he returns to her to
be nursed, and stays with her until he is well again. Often his
position in his wife’s home is so irksome that he severs his
connection with her and her family, and returns to his old home. On
the other hand, it is not uncommon for the wife, should her husband be
absent, to place his goods outside the door: an intimation which he
well understands, and does not intrude upon her again.[64]
[64] Voth, _Traditions of the Hopi_, pp. 67, 96, 133. _Rep.
Bur. Ethn._, XIII, 340. Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, Vol.
II, pp. 74-76.
Again, among the Pueblo peoples, we may consider the Sai. Like the
other tribes they are divided into exogamous totem clans; descent is
traced only through the mother. The tribe through various reasons has
been greatly reduced in numbers, and whole clans have died out, and
under these circumstances exogamy has ceased to be strictly enforced.
This has led to other changes. The Sai are still normally monogamous.
When a young man wishes to marry a girl he speaks first to her
parents; if they are willing he addresses himself to her. On the day
of the marriage he goes alone to her home, carrying his presents
wrapped in a blanket, his mother and father having preceded him
thither. When the young people are seated together the parents address
them in turn, enjoining unity and forbearance. This constitutes the
ceremony. Tribal custom requires the bridegroom to reside with the
wife’s family.[65]
[65] _Rep. Bur. Ethn._ IX, p. 19. Hartland, _Ibid._, pp.
76-77.
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