Fig. 95. Crambe maritima: circumnutation of leaf, disturbed by being insufficiently illuminated from above, traced from 7.50 A.M. June 23rd to 8 A.M. 25th. Apex of leaf 15 1/4 inches from the vertical glass, so that the tracing was much magnified, but is here reduced to one-fourth of original scale. (4.) Brassica oleracea (Cruciferae).—Hofmeister and Batalin[9] state that the leaves of the cabbage rise at night, and fall by day. We covered a young plant, bearing 8 leaves, under a large bell-glass, placing it in the same position with respect to the light in which it had long remained, and a filament was fixed at the distance of .4 of an inch from the apex of a young leaf nearly 4 inches in length. Its movements were then traced during three days, but the tracing is not worth giving. The leaf fell during the whole morning, and rose in the evening and during the early part of the night. The ascending and descending lines did not coincide, so that an irregular ellipse was formed each 24 h. The basal part of the midrib did not move, as was ascertained by measuring at successive periods the angle which it formed with the horizon, so that the movement was confined to the terminal portion of the leaf, which moved through an angle of 11° in the course of 24 h., and the distance travelled by the apex, up and down, was between .8 and .9 of an inch. [9] ‘Flora,’ 1873, p. 437. In order to ascertain the effect of darkness, a filament was fixed to a leaf 5½ inches in length, borne by a plant which after forming a head had produced a stem. The leaf was inclined 44° above the horizon, and its movements were traced on a vertical glass every hour by the aid of a taper. During the first day the leaf rose from 8 A.M. to 10.40 P.M. in a slightly zigzag course, the actual distance travelled by the apex being .67 of an inch. During the night the leaf fell, whereas it ought to have risen; and by 7 A.M. on the following morning it had fallen .23 of an inch, and it continued falling until 9.40 A.M. It then rose until 10.50 P.M., but the rise was interrupted by one considerable oscillation, that is, by a fall and re-ascent. During the second night it again fell, but only to a very short distance, and on the following morning re-ascended to a very short distance. Thus the normal course of the leaf was greatly disturbed, or rather completely inverted, by the absence of light; and the movements were likewise greatly diminished in amplitude. We may add that, according to Mr. A. Stephen Wilson,[10] the young leaves of the Swedish turnip, which is a hybrid between B. oleracea and rapa, draw together in the evening so much “that the horizontal breadth diminishes about 30 per cent. of the daylight breadth.” Therefore the leaves must rise considerably at night. [10] ‘Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. xiii. p. 32. With respect to the origin of the Swedish turnip, see Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 344.