Botany; Geotropism; Plants -- Irritability and movements
Geranium rotundifolium (Geraniaceae).—A single seedling came up
accidentally in a pot, and its cotyledons were observed to bend
perpendicularly downwards during several successive nights, having been
horizontal at noon. It grew into a fine plant but died before
flowering: it was sent to Kew and pronounced to be certainly a
Geranium, and in all probability the above-named species. This case is
remarkable because the cotyledons of G. cinereum, Endressii, Ibericum,
Richardsoni, and subcaulescens were observed during some weeks in the
winter, and they did not sink, whilst those of G. Ibericum rose 27° at
night.
Apium petroselinum (Umbelliferae).—A seedling had its cotyledons (Nov.
22nd) almost fully expanded during the day; by 8.30 P.M. they had risen
considerably, and at 10.30 P.M. were almost closed, their tips being
only 8/100 of an inch apart. On the following morning (23rd) the tips
were 58/100 of an inch apart,
or more than seven times as much. On the next night the cotyledons
occupied nearly the same position as before. On the morning of the 24th
they stood horizontally, and at night were 60° above the horizon; and
so it was on the night of the 25th. But four days afterwards (on the
29th), when the seedlings were a week old, the cotyledons had ceased to
rise at night to any plain degree.
Apium graveolens.—The cotyledons at noon were horizontal, and at 10
P.M. stood at an angle of 61° above the horizon.
Lactuca scariola (Compositæ).—The cotyledons whilst young stood
sub-horizontally during the day, and at night rose so as to be almost
vertical, and some were quite vertical and closed; but this movement
ceased when they had grown old and large, after an interval of 11 days.
Helianthus annuus (Compositæ).—This case is rather doubtful; the
cotyledons rise at night, and on one occasion they stood at 73° above
the horizon, so that they might then be said to have been asleep.
Ipomœa caerulea vel Pharbitis nil (Convolvulaceae).—The cotyledons
behave in nearly the same manner as those of the Anoda and Nankin
cotton, and like them grow to a large size. Whilst young and small, so
that their blades were from .5 to .6 of an inch in length, measured
along the middle to the base of the central notch, they remained
horizontal both during the middle of the day and at night. As they
increased in size they began to sink more and more in the evening and
early night; and when they had grown to a length (measured in the above
manner) of from 1 to 1.25 inch, they sank between 55° and 70° beneath
the horizon. They acted, however, in this manner only when they had
been well illuminated during the day. Nevertheless, the cotyledons have
little or no power of bending towards a lateral light, although the
hypocotyl is strongly heliotropic. They are not provided with a
pulvinus, but continue to grow for a long time.
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