²⁶¹ Baluz. Vit Pap. Avenion. v. 1. p, 164—Fleury’s Eccles. Hist. 1. 82. p. 25. ²⁶² Brûler.—Millot’s Hist. of France, v. 2, p. 84. This discussion had not adequate effects; but it was from it appeals as of abuse or error sprung, that is to say, appeals from ecclesiastical decisions to secular tribunals.²⁶² After the death of the emperor, Henry VII. Frederick the Handsome, duke of Austria, disputed the empire with Louis, duke of Bavaria, whose rights were established by victory. However, John XXII, cancelled the election of Louis; he maintained that it belonged to the sovereign pontiff, to examine and ratify the nomination of the emperors, and that, during the vacancy, the imperial government should immediately revert to the Holy See, from whence it emanated²⁶³ The pope reproached Louis with protecting the Visconti, excommunicated as heretics; their heresy, we have seen, was the supporting and directing the Ghibeline party. Louis resisted, he kept no bounds in the invectives with which he loaded John. While John was deposing the emperor, the emperor caused John to be deposed by the clergy, nobility, and citizens of Rome. A Franciscan took the name of Nicholas V., and seated himself on the pontifical throne; but the repentance and obedience of Nicholas, injured so materially the cause of Louis, that he consented to renounce the empire, when John died, leaving twenty-five million of florins in his coffers.²⁶⁴ “This im− “mense treasure, says Fleury, was amassed by his “Holiness’s industry, who, from the year 1319, estab− “lished the reservation of the benefices of all the col− “legiate churches of Christendom, saying, that he “did it in order to do away simony. Furthermore, “in virtue of this reservation, the pope seldom or never “confirms the election of any prelate: but he pro− “motes an archbishop to a bishoprick, and puts an in− “ferior bishop in his place; whence, it often happens “that an archbishop’s see, or patriarchate, becoming “vacant, produces six promotions or more, and a “consequent flow of large sums of money into the “apostolic treasury.” ²⁶³ Villaret’s Hist, of France, t. 8, p. 234-253.—Henault’s Abr. Chron. of Hist, of France, ann. 1329, et 1330. ²⁶⁴ Fltury’s Eccles. Hist, 1. 93, n. 4.12.