238. Gregory XIV. Nicholas Sfondrate, born at Cremona in 1535, bishop of Cremona, cardinal, elected pope the 3rd Dec. 1590, and crowned the 8th; died the 15th October 1591 239. Innocent IX. John Anthony Facchinetti, born at Bologna in 1519, bishop of Nicastro in Calabria, elected pope the 29th Oct. 1591, crowned the 3rd Nov. died the 30th Dec. 1591 240. Clement VIII. Hippolytus Aldobrandiri, born at Fano in 1536, cardinal, elected pope the 30th of Jan. 1593, crowned eight days after, died in the month of March 1605 Abjuration and absolution of Henry IV. Pithou’s Treatise on the Liberties of the Gallican Church, published in 1594 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 241. Leo XI. Alexander Octavian de Medicis, born at Florence in 1535, cardinal, elected pope 1st of April, and died 27th of April, 1605 242. Paul V. Camillus Borghese, born at Rome, cardinal, elected pope 16th May 1605, and crowned the 29th, died 28th January 1621 Excommunication of the Venetians.— Troubles excited in England.—Bull “In Cœna Domini,” &c. 243. Gregory XV. Alexander Ludovisi, born 9th Jan. 1554 at Bologna, archbishop of this city, cardinal, elected pope 9th Feb. 1621, died 1623 244. Urban VIII. Maffeus Barberini, of an ancient Florentine family, archbishop of Nazareth, cardinal, elected pope 6th Aug. 1623, and crowned the 29th Sept. died 29th July, 1644 Excommunication of the Duke of Parma 245. Innocent X. J. B. Pamphili, born at Rome 7th May 1574, cardinal in 1629, elected pope 15th Sept 1644, and crowned 29th, died 7th Jan. 1655 Destruction of Castro.—Refusal of bulls to the Portuguese bishops nominated by John of Braganza.—The Duke of Guise invited to Naples and betrayed.—Bull against the Peace of Munster 246. Alexander VII. Fabio Chigi, born at Sienna, the 15th of Feb. 1599, legate, nuncio, cardinal in 1652, elected pope the 7th of April, 1655, died the 22d of May 1667 Formulary.—The embassador of Louis XIV. insulted at Rome, See. 247. Clement IX. Julius Rospigliosi, born at Pistoi in 1600 cardinal in 1657, elected pope the 20th June, 1667 died the 9th Dec. 1669 248 Clement X. J. B. Emile Altieri, born at Rome in 1590, cardinal in 1669, elected pope the 27th April, 1670, died the 22d July, 1676