Infusion of Rose Leaves 8 ounces. Epsom Salts ½ ounce. Syrup of Red Poppy 2 drachms. Diluted Sulphuric Acid 20 drops. Tincture of Opium 1½ drachms. Mix.—When there is much congestion of the head, it will be necessary to apply a few leeches to the temples, but as a general rule, all depletion is injurious. During the whole attack, the patient is to be steadily watched, kept quiet, and, as far as possible, amused and interested. MADNESS. Disease of the brain eventuating in loss of reason, assumes many shapes, and has many forms and conditions; though the term madness with some degree of reason is applied to all, abstractedly considered, and, relatively understood, no phrase can be more faulty and objectionable. Insanity, idiocy, cretinism, imbecility, dementia, and melancholia, or melancholy madness, are some, though by no means all, the forms of mental aberration that come under this very comprehensive term. Each of these forms of madness, or loss of judgment and imagination, has a distinctive character of its own, and has either been excited by some other disease; some great commotion of the system, caused by violent excitement of the passions; by direct injury to the head; exposure, uncovered, to the influence of the summer sun, causing a sun stroke; to some diseased condition of the brain, induced by some specific affection of that organ; or an hereditary cause, the consequence of a redundancy or diminution in some of the lobes of the brain, in which case, the disease being born with the patient, there can be no hope of cure or improvement. _Insanity_, or that madness which—of a temporary character, produced and kept alive by an active disease elsewhere in the body than the brain itself, though that organ occasionally is the primary cause—is a symptomatic form of madness subsiding, in general, when the disease that provoked it is cured.—See INSANITY. _Idiocy_, being that hopeless state of fatuity, the consequence, as has been said, of a defective development of the brain, and born with the patient, it has been thought unnecessary to refer to it in a more particular manner, the great variety of such cases only filling the mind with painful images. _Cretinism_ is a special variety of idiocy, indicated by a large head, square visage, wide mouth, thick ears, and goitres; in fact, it is the idiocy peculiar to that form of scrofula whose most marked feature is the _goître_, attacking whole tribes of people in different parts of the world, and who, in addition to a fatuity of mind and an enlarged neck, are noted by a dwarfish stature, seldom exceeding four feet.