=The Hip Joint.=—Sprains involving the hip joint may be readily
corrected, and again may be the exciting cause of serious involvement.
Previous tubercular disease can be aggravated in this manner, or
syphilitic changes in the joint disturbed. Care should be taken
that there are no complicating displacements of the innominata or
irritations to the spinal nerves. Possibly the hip may be so strained
as to cause a twist of the femur in the socket and thus simulate a
partial dislocation; this, in fact, would probably be termed a partial
dislocation. Strain of one set of muscles about the hip joint is
somewhat rare, and spinal lesions may disturb the innervation to one
set of muscles. In cases of =intracapsular fracture= considerable can
be done by careful massage and manipulation after union has taken
place, to secure greater freedom of movement and strength of the limb.
Likewise in =hip-joint disease=, after the disease is healed, massage
and manipulation will be very beneficial. Care must be taken if the
treatment causes spasticity of the muscles; this shows the treatment is
irritative and should be stopped until the spasticity has ceased. Where
the limb is shortened from either hip-joint disease or intracapsular
fracture apparent lengthening may be secured by careful abductive and
hyperextensive stretching.
=The Knee.=—The knee is the most complicated joint, and sprains are
apt to be very serious. The usual treatment for sprains is employed.
Occasionally the semilunar cartilages are displaced and may be a
source of difficulty in diagnosis; likewise injuries to the patellar
tendon and lateral ligaments. Another joint frequently overlooked is
the innominate. In a number of knee cases that terminate in chronic
synovitis there will be found a displacement of the innominate that
is preventing recovery. A villous synovitis may arise in strains from
faulty posture, especially in the obese. Injury to the hip-joint, also,
may cause strain or irritation at the knee. Occasionally tender points
about the knee, especially at the inner side, are due to irritation at
the hip, or possibly from the spine. Referred pain of the knee joint is
of frequent occurrence.
=The Ankle and Foot.=—The ankle is often sprained. One should examine
carefully for a possible fracture of the malleolus, and for fracture of
the tibia. There may be a dislocation of the fibula, also a separating
of the tibia and fibula at the ankle. The common bony displacement
takes place between the astragalus and os calcis. Then the cuboid is
frequently displaced, and occasionally the navicular. The treatment
should first of all be directed to correction of the osseous lesions.
The arch of the instep may be weakened from the ligamentous strain and
be an immediate step in the production of =flat foot=. Teall is of the
opinion that lumbar and innominate displacement are common predisposing
causes. Faulty position of the foot in walking may be an underlying
factor.
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