“Before taking up my subject in detail permit me to recall a few salient points in the surgical pathology of fracture. Soon after the injury the blood clot around and between the ends of the fragments is absorbed and replaced by a jelly-like mass of young connective tissue cells called the callus. It corresponds to the solder which the plumber places over the ends of two pipes he desires to join. Bone begins to form at the periphery of the callus about the tenth day and advances toward the center rapidly, forming a ring of bone around the ends of the fragments so that by the end of the third week there is but slight abnormal motion at the point of fracture (exception to this is the femur). This entirely disappears by the end of the fourth week, especially in young people, and the union is firm. In the case of the femur it requires six or eight weeks. The greater the displacement of the ends of the fragment, the larger the callus and the slower the healing of the fracture. “During these changes (callus formation) the muscles which supply the immobilized joints atrophy and the circulation in the skin and neighboring tissues is sluggish, resulting in swelling, etc., of the limb. The enforced rest causes more or less fluid to accumulate in the tendon sheaths and joints. This becomes organized and results in fibrous ankylosis of the joints and great impediment to the free action of the tendons within their sheaths. It is this atrophy, fibrous ankylosis and tenovaginitis which interfere with the restoration of the normal functions of the limb.... “Can we decrease the amount of wasting of muscles and control the stiffness of joints and tendons after fractures? “It is the belief of the writer, based on a large experience, that the earlier use of massage, active and passive motions, will to a great extent eliminate the above conditions, which retard convalescence and in some cases cause permanent disability. “Massage of an injured limb increases the amount of blood supplied to it, promotes the absorption of the swelling and prevents atrophy of muscles. In the case of a joint injury the exudate rapidly disappears and the articular surfaces can be again approximated so that movement is facilitated. By the cautious use of active and passive movements, either with or without the aid of apparatus, the normal functions of a joint can be rapidly restored.... “The active and passive movements of the limbs can be carried out immediately after the massage, but should only be permitted for a period of =five minutes= at first and the time then gradually increased. When a severe sprain, say the elbow or ankle, is first massaged, the pain seems to be almost unbearable, but this discomfort as well as the swelling rapidly disappears, and it is surprising to those who have never applied this treatment how quickly the normal function of the joint reappears. The same applies to the synovitis which accompanies fractures in close proximity or even into joints.”