A point to remember is, stimulation over the abdomen beneath the right costal arch will cause the liver to contract and retract. This is of considerable osteopathic note. The liver will often recede at least a half an inch. This is a liver reflex (Abrams). Prolapsed Intestines =Prolapse= of the =bowels=, as a whole, or, more frequent still, of a part, is undoubtedly the most common form of organ prolapse. The intestines are so situated that they readily feel the effect of gravitative influences, of atonic and anemic states, and of weaknesses and disorders of other abdominal organs. Spinal irregularities come first as potent =causes= of bowel prolapse. The spinal nerves to the supports of the intestines, to the muscular coats of the intestines, and to the abdominal walls, are obstructed in their normal activity, and consequently those tissues to which these nerves are distributed are affected. Wasting diseases, as anemia, consumption, cancer and the like predispose to intestinal atony. The severe mechanical wrenches, strains, frequent pregnancies, tight lacing, heavy skirts, large abdominal tumors, obesity, cause more or less general or local weakness. The pendulous abdomen, from wrong or careless posture, and exclusive of other causes, is a common source of general bowel displacement. This form of disorder, besides being unsightly, favors abdominal stoutness. There are a number of instances where simply voluntarily holding or “sucking” the abdomen into place, until it becomes strong enough to support itself, has reduced one’s weight by five, ten or fifteen pounds. These were cases where most of the adipose tissue was about the abdomen. Thus exercising and toning the abdominal organs by keeping them in normal position rectified a dormant blood and lymph circulation, which was followed by absorption of the abdominal stoutness. Congenital weaknesses are to be considered in many cases. The muscular ligaments may not be developed, the mesenteric attachments may be too long, and various other abnormalities may result from congenital disturbances. Of particular local interest to the osteopath, outside of the bowels dislocating as a whole, are: first, the hepatic flexure; second, the ileo-cecal region; third, the sigmoid flexure; fourth, the rectum; and fifth, hernias. Each of these sections are of separate interest and will be considered presently. The =symptoms= are extremely variable. Constipation, a feeling of discomfort in the bowels, nervousness, depression, lassitude and anemia are frequent. Colicky pains in the intestines, indigestion, hysteria at times, are also among the symptoms. In reality a great variety of symptoms may be present. The patient is likely to be emaciated. In some cases exhaustion is marked.