There are two methods of using the ophthalmoscope. The =indirect= and the =direct= methods. One is more useful at one time and the other at another time. By the indirect method we view the whole field of the fundus more readily but less in detail. With the ophthalmoscope before his eye the examiner’s face is twelve to fifteen inches from that of the patient. When the “=red reflex=” of the eye is seen a plus 13 or 16 D lens is interposed near the patient’s eye. This magnifies the field. The image is inverted. As a rule it is best seen with a +4 D lens in the aperture of the ophthalmoscope. This method is especially more satisfactory in high degrees of myopia and astigmatism. The =optic disc= is the objective point. One may see a retinal vessel first; this should be followed to its emergence from the disc. From this point view all parts of the fundus by having the patient look in different directions. This is better by the indirect method than for the examiner to vary his position. The direct method of ophthalmoscopy is better for detail work and in all cases except high degrees of myopia and astigmatism. It is also better in determining errors of refraction. The patient looks straight across the room. For a beginner it may be essential to dilate the pupil, hence the schematic eye as suggested. If the examiner has a refractive error, he should wear his own glasses or correct by throwing in front of his eye proper lenses in the ophthalmoscope. Face the patient and sit on the side of the eye to be examined. Use left eye to examine the patient’s left eye and right eye for the patient’s right. Examiner and patient keep both eyes open. The examiner may not be able to suppress the image of his other eye and may have to close it part of the time. Catch the “red reflex” some 15 to 18 inches away and move close to the patient’s eye. The “red reflex” color varies with the error of refraction, the transparency of the media, the degree of pigmentation and the size of the pupil. A blood clot will make it redder, some exudates will make it gray or yellow. The examiner may approach as close as half an inch from the eye to be examined. Find the optic disc and examine all points of the fundus from it. Rotate in glasses to correct the patient’s refractive error if he has any. The strongest plus glass with which the fine retinal vessels can be clearly seen will represent the =hyperopia= of the eye. This is true only if the examiner’s accommodation is at rest. The weakest minus glass with which the fine retinal vessels can be clearly seen represents the =myopia=. =A Normal Fundus.=—The color of the fundus is due to the blood vessels of the retina and choroid and the connective tissue of the choroid and sclera. Variation is due to the pigment. In the albino it is light pink. In the negro it is dark reddish. There are all gradations between the two.