=Symptomatology.=—Although each variety of Dementia Praecox has special symptoms characteristic of the type there are certain symptoms common to all forms, and these will be first considered. All the functions of the mind in the course of time tend to become disturbed and to be weakened, but in the earlier stages we find marked differences as regards the disturbance of different functions, thus memory and orientation in most cases seem good; on the contrary, attention and association of ideas somewhat poor. Emotional life is almost always markedly affected, even in the beginning. Very commonly at first there is depression to be followed later by expansive feelings and then by apathy in general. The will power is altered early and the conduct is apt to be peculiar. The judgment becomes impaired. All of these symptoms mentioned are deviations from the normal in the patient and therefore presuppose that the patient was formerly normal. This should sharply differentiate the praecox group from cases of defective development (imbecility or idiocy). In this latter group there is an arrest of development of the mind, whereas in praecox there is a loss in a developed intellect. We see a young patient, for example, who has lost interest in things about him, neglects his work at school or at home, remains alone for long periods of time and seems unwilling to mingle with other people. He gives the impression of one depressed and worried about something he is trying to solve, perhaps he mutters to himself or gives way to unprovoked laughter, he may refuse to eat, or to talk unless questioned and may even then not answer. When he does talk it will be discovered that he knows perfectly well where he is, and knows people around him and understands everything that is going on; his memory will be found good, he can usually recall past incidents and tell what he has been doing recently. As the condition progresses, however, while the patient may still for a long time retain fair orientation and memory for past events, his accumulation of recent ideas will be found poor, so that he will recall them with difficulty. We notice that it is difficult to get the patient’s attention and concentration seems to be impossible, he may answer a direct question, but immediately seems to be occupied with other thoughts and it takes some little effort to gain his attention again. If he continues to talk it is plain that the association of ideas is poor, giving rise to disconnected phrases which usually come forth sluggishly and without show of emotion. Dissociation of ideas occurs; that is, different ideas expressed may practically contradict themselves. For example, the patient may say he is a king and yet when asked to sweep the floor will do it perhaps without hesitation, not considering that is hardly the kind of work a king would do. The dissociation is also marked in the contradiction found between the content of the thought and its