[50] Muir’s Caliphate, pp. 121–2. [51] Caetani, vol. iii. p. 814 (§ 323). [52] Caetani, vol. ii. pp. 260, 299, 351. [53] Id. pp. 792–3; vol. iii. p. 253 (§ 8). [54] Id. pp. 1112–15. [55] Muir, Caliphate, pp. 90–4. [56] Caetani, vol. ii. p. 299. Wellhausen, iv. p. 156 (n. 5). [57] Ṭabarī, Prima Series, p. 2482. [58] For an exhaustive study of the jizyah, with a masterly array and critical examination of all the available historical materials, see Caetani, vol. v. p. 319 sqq.; for Egypt during the first century of Muslim rule, see Bell, p. 167 sqq., and Becker, Beiträge zur Geschichte Aegyptens unter dem Islam, p. 81 sqq. [59] Caetani (vol. iv. p. 227) believes that this story is the invention of a later epoch, to explain the fiscal anomaly of a Christian tribe being treated as if it were Muslim. [60] The few meagre notices of this tribe in the works of Arabic historians have been admirably summarised by Lammens: Le Chantre des Omiades. (J. A., ix. sér., tome iv. pp. 97–9, 438–59.) See also Caetani, vol. iv. p. 227 sqq. [61] Caetani, vol. ii. p. 1180. [62] Barhebræus (3), pp. 134–5. [63] Caetani, vol. ii. p. 828. [64] Ṭabarī, i. p. 2041. [65] Masʻūdī, tome iv. p. 256. [66] “Gli Arabi nei primi anni non perseguitarono invece alcuno per ragioni di fede, non si diedero pena alcuna per convertire chicchessia, sicchè sotto l’Islām, dopo le prime conquiste, i cristiani Semiti goderno d’una tolleranza religiosa quale non si era mai vista da varie generazioni.” (Caetani, vol. v. p. 4.) [67] Sir Henry Layard: Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia, vol. i. p. 100. (London, 1887); R. Hartmann: Die Herrschaft von al-Karak. (Der Islam, vol. ii. p. 137.) [68] Burckhardt (2), p. 564. [69] W. G. Palgrave: Essays on Eastern Questions, pp. 206–8. (London, 1872.) [70] I. A. Dorner: A System of Christian Doctrine, vol. iii. pp. 215–16. (London, 1885.) J. C. Robertson: History of the Christian Church, vol. ii. p. 226. (London, 1875.) [71] That such fears were not wholly groundless may be judged from the emperor’s intolerant behaviour towards many of the Monophysite party in his progress through Syria after the defeat of the Persians in 627. (See Michael the Elder, vol. ii. p. 412, and Caetani, vol. ii. p. 1049.) For the outrages committed by the Byzantine soldiers on their co-religionists in the reign of Constans II (642–668), see Michael the Elder, vol. ii. p. 443. [72] Michael the Elder, vol. ii. pp. 412–13. Barhebræus, about a century later, wrote in a similar strain. (Chronicon Ecclesiasticum, ed. J. B. Abbeloos et Lamy, p. 474.) [73] Azdī, p. 97. [74] Balādhurī, p. 137.