[376] Leo Africanus says that at the end of the fifteenth century all the mountaineers of Algeria and of Buggia, though Muhammadans, painted black crosses on their cheeks and palms of the hand (Ramusio, i. p. 61); similarly the Banū Mzab to the present day still keep up some religious observances corresponding to excommunication and confession (Oppel, p. 299), and some nomad tribes of the Sahara observe the practice of a kind of baptism and use the cross as a decoration for their stuffs and weapons. (De Mas Latrie (2), p. 8.) [377] Tijānī, p. 203. [378] The modern Touzer, in Tunis. [379] Taʼrīkh al-duwal al-islāmiyyah biʼl maghrib, I. p. 146. (ed. De Slane. Alger, 1847.) [380] Leo Africanus. (Ramusio, tom. i. p. 67.) [381] Pavy, vol. i. p. vii. [382] De Mas Latrie (2), pp. 61–2, 266–7. L. del Marmol-Caravajal: De l’Afrique, tome ii. p. 54. (Paris, 1667.) [383] De Mas Latrie (2), p. 192. [384] e.g. Innocent III, Gregory VII, Gregory IX and Innocent IV. [385] De Mas Latrie (2), p. 273. [386] Baudissin, p. 22. [387] Helfferich, p. 68. [388] Makkarī, vol. i. pp. 280–2. [389] Baudissin, p. 7. [390] Dozy (2), tome ii. pp. 45–6. [391] A. Müller, vol. ii. p. 463. [392] Dozy (2), tome ii. pp. 44–6. [393] So St. Boniface (A.D. 745, Epist. lxii.). “Sicut aliis gentibus Hispaniæ et Provinciæ et Burgundionum populis contigit, quæ sic a Deo recedentes fornicatæ sunt, donec index omnipotens talium criminum ultrices pœnas per ignorantiam legis Dei et per Saracenos venire et sævire permisit.” (Migne: Patr. Lat., tom. lxxxix. p. 761.) Eulogius: lib. i. § 30. “In cuius (i.e. gentis Saracenicæ) ditione nostro compellente facinore sceptrum Hispaniæ translatum est.” (Migne: Patr. Lat., tom. cxv. p. 761.) Similarly Alvar (2), § 18. “Et probare nostro vitio inlatum intentabo flagellum. Nostra hæc, fratres, nostra desidia peperit mala, nostra impuritas, nostra levitas, nostra morum obscœnitas ... unde tradidit nos Dominus qui institiam diligit, et cuius vultus æquitatem decernit, ipsi bestiæ conrodendos” (pp. 531–2). [394] Dozy (3), tome i. pp. 15–20. Whishaw, pp. 38, 44. [395] Samson, pp. 377–8, 381. [396] Dozy (2), tome ii. p. 210. [397] Bishop Egila, who was sent to Southern Spain by Pope Hadrian I, towards the end of the eighth century, on a mission to counteract the growing influence of Muslim thought, denounces the Spanish priests who lived in concubinage with married women. (Helfferich, p. 83.) [398] Alvari Cordubensis, Epist. xix. “Ob meritum æternæ retributionis devovi me sedulum in lege Domini consistere.” (Migne: Patr. Lat., tom. cxxi. p. 512.) [399] Helfferich, pp. 79–80.