The majority of the Pliocene animals disappeared from Europe at the close of the period in question. This includes such animals as the mastodon, hipparion, and many kinds of deer (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 334). The following animals survived into the Glacial Age, and some even into Inter-glacial periods: African hippopotamus (still living), saber-toothed lion, bear of Auvergne, big-nosed rhinoceros, Etruskan rhinoceros, Sedgwick’s deer, deer of Polignac, Southern elephant. (“Prehistoric Europe,” p. 95.) The northern animals include the following: Alpine hare, musk-sheep, glutton, reindeer, arctic fox, lemming, tailless hare, marmot, spermophile, ibex, snowy vole, chamois. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 32.) Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 28. The following animals are given as southern species: Hippopotamus, African elephant, spotted hyena, striped hyena, serval, caffer cat, lion, leopard. In addition to the above there were also four or five species of elephants and three species of rhinoceros, which have since become extinct. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 32.) It is scarcely necessary to give a list of these animals. Prof. Dawkins enumerates thirty-three species. The following are some of the most important: Urus, bison, horse, stag, roe, beaver, rabbit, otter, weasel, martin, wildcat, fox, wolf, wild boar, brown bear, grizzly bear. (Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p, 32.) Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 191. Lubbock’s “Prehistoric Times,” p. 316. Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 87. Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 50. Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 54. Ibid., p. 55. Kane’s “Arctic Exploration,” Vol. I, p. 225. Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 180. Wallace’s “Island Life,” p. 104. Geikie’s “Prehistoric Europe,” p. 189. Ibid., p. 192, _et seq._ Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain.”