Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 38. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,550,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,100. Remarks. [p050] FOOTNOTE The English, Royal, or Persian Walnut (_Juglans regia_) affords nearly similar wood. Widely distributed over Europe. Italian trees furnish best, French next, and English least desirable, paler and coarser wood. Occasional trees in Eastern United States, as New York; very plentiful in California. BUTTERNUT, WHITE WALNUT. _Juglans cinerea Linn._ Nomenclature. Butternut, White Walnut (local and common names). Oil Nut (Me., N. H., S. C.). Walnut (Minn.). White Mahogany. Locality. New Brunswick to Georgia, westward to Dakota and Arkansas. Best in Ohio River basin. Features of Tree. Medium size, sometimes seventy-five feet or over in height, two to four feet in diameter. Branches widespread; large-sized oblong edible nuts. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light gray-brown, darkening with exposure; sapwood nearly white, coarse-grained compact structure, attractive. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft, not strong, easily worked. Susceptible of high polish. Representative Uses of Wood. Interior finish, cabinet-work. Inner bark furnishes yellow dye. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 25. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,150,000. Modulus of Rupture. 8400. Remarks. The sap contains sugar and is occasionally mixed with maple-sap in the manufacturing of "maple" sugar. [p051] [Illustration: PLATE 10. HICKORY (_Hicoria ovata_).] HICKORY. (_Hicoria_ or _Carya_.) The Hickories occur only in the eastern part of North America. They produce woods in which the qualities of toughness, elasticity, and resilience are unusually pronounced, and since these qualities are greatest in the sapwood, hickories are peculiar in that the sapwood is more valuable than the heart. Second-growth wood is much prized, since, being younger, it contains more of the pliable sapwood.[32] Hickory is not durable when exposed and is more or less subject to attack by boring-insects. It is used for implements, machinery, carriages, and the like; hickory axe-helves have no superiors. The nuts of the shagbark or white hickory are a source of considerable profit. The pecan (_Hicoria pecan_) affords wood so inferior as to be little used in construction, although it makes an excellent fuel. Pecans are planted in many of the Southern States because of the nuts, for which a considerable demand exists. The Hickories are known by their nuts, the husks or pods of which loosen completely from the nut in four pieces, instead of adhering unbroken as in the case of the walnuts. The nine species are American trees, eight of them being natives of the United States. _Carya_ was the Greek name of the common walnut. Hickory is said to be derived from the Indian _powcohicora_, a liquor once obtained from the nuts of the hickory. [p052] FOOTNOTE