Heartwood cream-white, darkening or spotting on exposure. Sapwood similar or lighter. Very close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Tough, moderately hard and heavy, easily worked. Representative Uses of Wood. Inlaid work, carvings, scrollwork, turnery, moderately for furniture and decoration. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 36. Modulus of Elasticity. 910,000. Modulus of Rupture. 9700. Remarks. The wood resembles ivory. [p106] DOGWOOD, FLOWERING DOGWOOD. _Cornus florida Linn._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Dogwood, Flowering Dogwood (local and common names). Boxwood (Conn., R. I., N. Y., Miss., Mich., Ky., Ind., Ont.). False Box-dogwood (Ky.). New England Boxwood (Tenn.). Cornel, Flowering Cornel (Tex., R. I.). Locality. New England to Florida, westward intermittently to Minnesota and Texas, Sierra Madra Mountains, Mexico. Features of Tree. Twenty-five to thirty-five feet in height, one foot or more in diameter. Often low shrub, large white flowers precede foliage, red berry in fall. Rough blackish bark. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood rich brown, changing to green and red. Sapwood lighter, close-grained. Structural Qualities of Wood. Heavy, strong, tough, hard, receives high polish. Representative Uses of Wood. Wood-carving, engraving, bearings of machinery, turnery. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 50. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,160,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,800. Remarks. The Mexican or Black Persimmon and the Great Laurel (_Rhododendron maximum_) afford substitutes. Yellowwood (_Schaefferia frutescens_) is also known as boxwood. The names Dogwood and Poison Dogwood are often applied to the sumach. _Cornus_ signifies horn and refers to hardness of wood. [p107] LIGNUMVITÆ. _Guajacum sanctum._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Lignumvitæ (Fla.). Ironwood (Fla.). Locality. Semitropical Florida, Bahamas, San Domingo, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Features of Tree. Twenty-five feet high, one foot in diameter, a low gnarled tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood rich yellow-brown in younger specimens and almost black in older ones. Sapwood light yellow. Close-grained, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Very heavy and exceedingly hard, strong, hard to work, brittle. Lubricated by water. Representative Uses of Wood. Sheaves of ship-blocks, rollers, pulleys, tool-handles. Bearings for journals rotating in water. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 71. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,220,000. Modulus of Rupture. 11,100. Remarks. Two other species, Guajacum officinale and Guajacum arborium, afford similar woods not commercially distinguished from the above. [p108] LAUREL. (_Magnolia, Rhododendron, Arbutus, etc._)