Heartwood dark-brown or black, sapwood light-brown, often with darker spots. Very thin heartwood. Very close-grained, compact structure. Medullary rays conspicuous. Resembles hickory. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, heavy, strong. Representative Uses of Wood. Plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, etc. Prized for shuttles. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 49. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,110,000. Modulus of Rupture. 12,400. Remarks. The astringency of unripe fruit is due to tannic acid. The dried and roasted seeds have been used for coffee.[59] Heartwood is not greatly developed in trees under one hundred years of age. [p113] FOOTNOTE [Footnote 59: U. S. Dispensatory.] OSAGE ORANGE. _Maclura aurantiaca Nutt._ _Toxylon pomiferum Raf._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Osage Orange (local and common name). Bois D'Arc (La., Tex., Mo.). Bodark, Bodock (Kans.). Yellow-wood, Osage Apple Tree (Tenn.). Hedge, Hedge-plant, Osage (Ill., Ia., Neb.). Mock Orange (La.). Bow-wood (Ala.). Locality. Southern Arkansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. Cultivated elsewhere, as in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Features of Tree. Twenty to fifty feet in height, rarely beyond one and one-half feet in diameter. Fruit resembles orange. Long thorns. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood bright orange, turns brown on exposure. Sapwood light yellow, close-grained, annual rings clearly marked. Structural Qualities of Wood. Hard, heavy, very strong, flexible, durable in contact with soil. Receives beautiful polish. Shrinks in seasoning. Representative Uses of Wood. Fence-posts, piles, telegraph poles, railway ties, paving-blocks, occasionally indoor decoration. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 48. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,300,000. Modulus of Rupture. 16,000. Remarks. Indians used wood for bows, thus the name Bois D'Arc, corrupted into Bow Dark or Bodark. A valuable wood not enough appreciated. Often planted as hedges. The fruit is useless. [p114] [Illustration: OSAGE ORANGE.] WILD BLACK CHERRY, WILD CHERRY. _Prunus serotina Ehrh._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Wild Black Cherry, Wild Cherry (local and common names). Black Cherry (Me., N. H., Vt., R. I., N. Y., Miss., Ky., Mich., Wis., Ind., Neb.). Rum Cherry (N. H., Mass., R. I., Miss., Neb.). Whiskey Cherry (Minn.). Choke Cherry (Mo., Wis., Ia.). Locality. Eastern to Central United States. Features of Tree. Forty to eighty feet in height. Two to three or more feet in diameter. Bitter bark, pea-sized fruit. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood yellow, fine straight grain, compact structure. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, hard, strong, easily worked. Representative Uses of Wood. Cabinet-work, interior finish. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 36. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,200,000. Modulus of Rupture.