North-central and northeastern United States, northward into Canada, southward to Illinois, and along the Alleghanies into Georgia, intermittently. Features of Tree. Seventy-five to one hundred and fifty feet in height. Three to six feet in diameter, sometimes larger. Erect impressive form. Tufts of five soft, slender, evergreen leaves in long sheath. Cones four to six inches long, one inch thick, slightly curved. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood cream-white, sapwood nearly white. Close, straight grain. Compact structure. Comparatively free from knots and resin. Structural Qualities of Wood. Soft, uniform, seasons well, easy to work, nails without splitting, fairly durable. Lightest and weakest of eastern United States pines. Shrinks less than other pines. Representative Uses of Wood. Carpentry, construction, matches, spars, boxes, numerous uses. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 24 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[75] 24. Modulus of Elasticity. 1,390,000 (average of 130 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[75] 1,210,000. Modulus of Rupture. 7900 (average of 120 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[75] 8900. Remarks. Formerly the chief lumber tree of the United States. The supply is rapidly diminishing. [p135] FOOTNOTES [Footnote 75: See page 6.] "The White Pine." Spaulding. U. S Forestry Bul. No. 22. "White Pine" a Study. Mr. Gifford Pinchot. (Century Co.) "White Pine Timber Supplies." U. S. Doc. 40 Senate, 55-1, Vol. IV. WHITE PINE. _Pinus flexilis James._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) White Pine (Cal., Nev., Utah, Col., N. M.). Pine (Utah, Mont.). Bull Pine (Col.). Western and Rocky Mountain White Pine (Cal.). Locality. Rocky Mountains, Montana to Mexico. Features of Tree. Forty to fifty feet in height, one to three feet in diameter. Tufts of five rather short, rigid leaves in sheaths. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Heartwood light, clear yellow, turning red from exposure. Sapwood nearly white. Close-grained, compact structure, numerous and conspicuous medullary rays. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, soft. Representative Uses of Wood. Construction. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 27. Modulus of Elasticity. 960,000. Modulus of Rupture. 8800. Remarks. This tree forms mountain forests of considerable extent. Valued locally. [p136] SUGAR PINE. _Pinus lambertiana Dougl._ Nomenclature. (Sudworth.) Sugar Pine (local and common name). Big Pine, Shade Pine (Cal.). Little or Great Sugar Pine. Gigantic Pine. White Pine. Locality. Oregon and California. Best at high altitudes (above 4000 feet), central and northern California. Features of Tree. One hundred to occasionally three hundred feet in height, fifteen to sometimes twenty feet in diameter. Cones ten to eighteen inches in length, edible seeds. Sweetish exudations. A great tree. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.