Locality. Central and North Pacific coast region. Features of Tree. Two hundred to three hundred feet in height, sometimes higher, six to eight and sometimes twenty feet in diameter. Straight, symmetrical trunk. Low branches rare. Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. Thick heartwood red, changing to reddish brown when seasoned; Thin sapwood nearly white. Coarse, straight grain, compact structure, very thick bark. Structural Qualities of Wood. Light, not strong, soft, very durable, not resinous, easily worked. Does not burn easily, receives polish. Representative Uses of Wood. Timber, shingles, flumes, fence-posts, coffins, railway ties, water-pipes, interior decoration. Bark made into souvenirs. Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 26 (census figure, see page 6). Modulus of Elasticity. 790,000 (average of 8 Humboldt specimens).[106] 1,140,000 (average of 7 Humboldt specimens).[106] 960,000 (census figure, see page 6). Modulus of Rupture. 4920 (average of 9 Humboldt specimens).[106] 7138 (average of 7 Mendocino specimens).[106] 8400 (census figure, see page 6). Remarks. Pacific coast chief construction wood. Curled or distorted grain adds value for cabinet purposes. [p183] * * * * * The Big or Mammoth Tree or Giant Redwood (_S. washingtoniana_ Sudworth and _S. gigantea_) is the largest tree known. The wood resembling that of _S. sempervirens_ is used locally, see U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 28. FOOTNOTE [Footnote 106: Professor Frank Soulé, Trans. Am. Inst. M. E., California Meeting, 1899. There are several trees of this species near New York City.] [Illustration: PLATE 36. ENDOGENOUS STRUCTURE IN WOOD. A section through a Palm Tree. A cross-section of Palm wood. (Natural size.)] ENDOGENOUS TREES. (_Monocotyledons_.) Endogenous trees are those that increase from within. Their elemental parts are similar to those of exogenous trees but the arrangement of such parts differs in that the newer fibres of the Endogen intermingle with the old, pass through a pith-like tissue, and cause cross-surfaces to appear as dotted, whereas the new material of the Exogen is deposited altogether and upon the outside of the old, their sections exhibiting rings or layers. The Palms, Yuccas, Cornstalks, and Bamboos are of the endogens. Bark is unusual on trees of the series.