=Treatment.=--Here, as in all other instances, the first effort of the surgeon should be to remove the cause. This may be done by _local_, or may require _constitutional_ measures. If a definite local cause can be established, its removal may be a slight or may entail a more or less serious surgical operation. Aside from this disposal of the exciting agent, treatment should be divided into the general and the local. General treatment is scarcely called for when dealing with healthy ulcers; but in all those instances where the constitutional condition of the patient is below par, or where there is a general poisoning or infection underlying the ulcer itself, prompt and energetic constitutional treatment should be at once instituted. In scurvy, for instance, the diet and hygienic surroundings of the patient should be rectified immediately. In syphilis no lasting nor deep impression can be made on local manifestations without general constitutional treatment. In tuberculosis and the other surgical infections much will be accomplished by internal medication, by proper hygiene, as well as by local applications or operation. The importance of these general measures is likely to be underestimated, and many fail to realize the advantage of combining suitable internal and external therapeutic measures. =Local Treatment.=--First of all may be mentioned the insistence upon repose which induces _physiological rest_. The ulcer may then show a tendency to heal. This may necessitate wearing a splint or restraining apparatus, or confinement in bed, depending upon the location of the ulcer. Physiological rest will be enforced sometimes by stretching a sphincter in order to temporarily paralyze it in cases of irritable rectal ulcer, where the principal pain is produced by the reflex spasm of its fibers. Again, the eye with irritable ulcer of the cornea is sometimes kept so tightly closed by the same kind of spasm there that it may be necessary to divide the lids, or the orbicularis muscle at the angle of the lids, in order to make access to the part. This is carrying out the principle of physiological rest, because it permits proper exposure and treatment. The healthy and healing ulcer needs no treatment except protection. Epithelial covering will probably keep pace with filling of the depression by granulations, and all that is necessary to do is to prevent external irritation. Should there be excess of discharge, the simplest absorbent dressing, with enough antiseptic material to prevent putrefaction by contamination with the bacteria of the surrounding air, should be employed. The ulcer which is becoming tardy in its repair may be stimulated by silver nitrate, zinc chloride, or other caustic applications, which act as a spur to the sluggish granulations, destroying those with which it comes in contact, but stimulating those below to do their duty more promptly.