The Principles of AestheticsParker, De Witt H. (De Witt Henry)
Philosophy
The Principles of Aesthetics
Parker, De Witt H. (De Witt Henry)
Aesthetics
The expressiveness of rhythm is like that of music, vague and
objectless, for which reason rhythm is properly called the music of
verse. Almost everything in a general way which we have said about the
expressiveness of music applies to poetic rhythm. This expressiveness
cannot be translated into words with any exactness; the most that can
be done is to find a set of words into which it will roughly fit,
leaving much vacant space of meaning. That the emotional values of
rhythms have character is, however, proved by the fact that some rhythms
are better vehicles for certain kinds of thought than others are. Yet
it often happens that, just as, in song or opera, the same melody is
used to express joy or grief, love or religious emotion, so
approximately the same rhythmic form is employed in the expression of
apparently antagonistic emotions. Nevertheless, this fact is not fatal
to expression; for, in the first place, there is much variety of rhythm
within a given metrical form, so that what superficially may seem to
be the same rhythm is really a different one; and, in the second place,
as we have already observed in the case of music, there is much--in
form and energy of movement--which contrasting emotions have in common,
and this may be expressed in the rhythmic type. Think of the wide sweep
of emotions which have been expressed in the sonnet form! Yet consider
what varieties of rhythm and speech melodies are possible within this
form, and how, nevertheless, there is an identity of character in all
sonnets--how they are all thoughtful, all restrained, yet unfaltering
in their movement!
Without going into details, which would lie beyond the scope of general
sthetics, it is possible to state the following broad facts (compare
the similar facts relating to melody) with reference to poetic rhythms:
a rising rhythm expresses striving or restlessness; a falling rhythm,
quiet, steadfastness. There is, however, no absolute contrast between
the two kinds, because a falling rhythm is still a rhythm, and that
means a movement which necessarily contains something of instability
and unrest. The contrast is sharpest in the anapestic and dactylic,
less sharp in the trochaic and iambic. Many a trochaic rhythm becomes
in effect iambic when the division of the thought moments and the
distribution of the pauses make the rhythm rise after the first few
words; and conversely, many an iambic rhythm becomes trochaic through
a similar shift in the attention. Within a single line, therefore,
there may be both rising and falling pulsations. Much of the rare
beauty of poetry comes from such subtle combinations of rhythmic
qualities.
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