The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
These different kinds of evidence jointly imply that the individual lives
of the units are subordinate to the general life in proportion as this is
high. Where the organism is very inferior in type the unit-life remains
permanently conspicuous. In some superior types there is a display of
unit-life during embryonic stages in which the co-ordinating action of the
aggregate is but incipient. With the advance of development the unit-life
diminishes; but still, in plants, recommences where the disintegrating
process which initiates generation shows the coercive power of the
organization to have become small.
Even in the highest types, however, and even when they are fully developed,
unit-life does not wholly disappear: it is clearly shown in ourselves. I do
not refer simply to the fact that, as throughout the animal kingdom at
large and a considerable part of the vegetal kingdom, the male generative
elements are units which have resumed the primitive independent life, but I
refer to a much more general fact. In that part of the organism which,
being fundamentally an aqueous medium, is in so far like the aqueous medium
in which ordinary protozoon life is carried on, we find an essentially
protozoon life. I refer of course to the blood. Whether the tendency of the
red corpuscles (which are originally developed from amoeba-like cells) to
aggregate into _rouleaux_ is to be taken as showing life in them, may be
left an open question. It suffices that the white corpuscles or leucocytes,
retaining the primitive amoeboid character, exhibit individual activities:
send out prolongations like pseudopodia, take in organic particles as food,
and are independently locomotive. Though far less numerous than the red
corpuscles, yet, as ten thousand are contained in a cubic millimetre of
blood--a mass less than a pin's head--it results that the human body is
pervaded throughout all its blood-vessels by billions of these separately
living units. In the lymph, too, which also fulfils the requirements of
liquidity, these amoeboid units are found. Then we have the curious
transitional stage in which units partially imbedded and partially free
display a partial unit-life. These are the ciliated epithelium-cells,
lining the air-passages and covering sundry of the mucous membranes which
have more remote connexions with the environment, and covering also the
lining membranes of certain main canals and chambers in the nervous system.
The inner parts of these unite with their fellows to form an epithelium,
and the outer parts of them, immersed either in liquid or semi-liquid
(mucus), bear cilia that are in constant motion and "produce a current of
fluid over the surface they cover:" thus simulating in their positions and
actions the cells lining the passages ramifying through a sponge. The
partially independent lives of these units is further seen in the fact that
after being detached they swim about in water for a time by the aid of
their cilia.
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