The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Continuance of the comparison shows that vital changes, both visceral and
cerebral, differ from other changes in their _heterogeneity_. Neither the
simultaneous acts nor the serial acts, which together constitute the
process of digestion, are alike. The states of consciousness comprised in
any ratiocination are not repetitions one of another, either in composition
or in modes of dependence. Inorganic processes, on the other hand, even
when like organic ones in the number of the simultaneous and successive
changes they involve, are unlike them in the relative homogeneity of these
changes. In the case of the sea, just referred to, it is observable that
countless as are the actions at any moment going on, they are mostly
mechanical actions that are to a great degree similar; and in this respect
differ widely from the actions at any moment taking place in an organism.
Even where life is nearly simulated, as by the working of a steam-engine,
we see that considerable as is the number of simultaneous changes, and
rapid as are the successive ones, the regularity with which they soon recur
in the same order and degree, renders them unlike those varied changes
exhibited by a living creature. Still, this peculiarity, like the
foregoing ones, does not divide the two classes of changes with precision;
since there are inanimate things presenting considerable heterogeneity of
change: for instance, a cloud. The variations of state which this
undergoes, both simultaneous and successive, are many and quick; and they
differ widely from one another both in quality and quantity. At the same
instant there may occur change of position, change of form, change of size,
change of density, change of colour, change of temperature, change of
electric state; and these several kinds of change are continuously
displayed in different degrees and combinations. Yet when we observe that
very few inorganic objects manifest heterogeneity of change comparable to
that manifested by organic objects, and further, that in ascending from low
to high forms of life, we meet with an increasing variety in the kinds of
changes displayed; we see that there is here a further leading distinction
between vital and non-vital actions. According to this modified conception,
then, Life is made up of heterogeneous changes both simultaneous and
successive.
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