The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
While it is simpler, this formula has the further advantage of being
somewhat more comprehensive. To say that it includes not only those
definite combinations of simultaneous and successive changes in an
organism, which correspond to co-existences and sequences in the
environment, but also those structural arrangements which _enable_ the
organism to adapt its actions to actions in the environment, is going too
far; for though these structural arrangements present internal relations
adjusted to external relations, yet the _continuous adjustment_ of
relations cannot be held to include a _fixed adjustment_ already made.
Life, which is made up of _dynamical_ phenomena, cannot be described in
terms that shall at the same time describe the apparatus manifesting it,
which presents only _statical_ phenomena. But while this antithesis serves
to remind us that the distinction between the organism and its actions is
as wide as that between Matter and Motion, it at the same time draws
attention to the fact that, if the structural arrangements of the adult are
not properly included in the definition, yet the developmental processes by
which those arrangements were established, are included. For that process
of evolution during which the organs of the embryo are fitted to their
prospective functions, is the gradual or continuous adjustment of internal
relations to external relations. Moreover, those structural modifications
of the adult organism which, under change of climate, change of occupation,
change of food, bring about some re-arrangement in the organic balance, may
similarly be regarded as progressive or continuous adjustments of internal
relations to external relations. So that not only does the definition, as
thus expressed, comprehend all those activities, bodily and mental, which
constitute our ordinary idea of Life; but it also comprehends both those
processes of development by which the organism is brought into general
fitness for such activities, and those after-processes of adaptation by
which it is specially fitted to its special activities.
Nevertheless, so abstract a formula as this is scarcely fitted for our
present purpose. Reserving it for use where specially appropriate, it will
be best commonly to employ its more concrete equivalent--to consider the
internal relations as "definite combinations of simultaneous and successive
changes;" the external relations as "co-existences and sequences;" and the
connexion between them as a "correspondence."
CHAPTER VI.
THE DEGREE OF LIFE VARIES AS THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE.
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