The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
§ 34. To make yet more manifest the fact that the degree of life varies as
the degree of correspondence, let me here point out, that those other
distinctions successively noted when contrasting vital changes with
non-vital changes, are all implied in this last distinction--their
correspondence with external co-existences and sequences; and further, that
the increasing fulfilment of those other distinctions which we found to
accompany increasing life, is involved in the increasing fulfilment of this
last distinction. We saw that living organisms are characterized by
successive changes, and that as the life becomes higher, the successive
changes become more numerous. Well, the environment is full of successive
changes, and the greater the correspondence, the greater must be the number
of successive changes in the organism. We saw that life presents
simultaneous changes, and that the more elevated it is, the more marked the
multiplicity of them. Well, besides countless co-existences in the
environment, there are often many changes occurring in it at the same
moment; and hence increased correspondence with it implies in the organism
an increased display of simultaneous changes. Similarly with the
heterogeneity of the changes. In the environment the relations are very
varied in their kinds, and hence, as the organic actions come more and more
into correspondence with them, they too must become very varied in their
kinds. So again is it even with definiteness of combination. As the most
important surrounding changes with which each animal has to deal, are the
definitely-combined changes exhibited by other animals, whether prey or
enemies, it results that definiteness of combination must be a general
characteristic of the internal ones which have to correspond with them. So
that throughout, the correspondence of the internal relations with the
external ones is the essential thing; and all the special characteristics
of the internal relations, are but the collateral results of this
correspondence.
§§ 35, 36. Before closing the chapter, it will be useful to compare the
definition of Life here set forth, with the definition of Evolution set
forth in _First Principles_. Living bodies being bodies which display in
the highest degree the structural changes constituting Evolution; and Life
being made up of the functional changes accompanying these structural
changes; we ought to find a certain harmony between the definitions of
Evolution and of Life. Such a harmony is not wanting.
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