The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
In presence of such powers displayed by matter of simple kinds we shall see
how impossible it is even to imagine those processes going on in organic
matter out of which emerges the dynamic element in Life. As no separate
form of proteid possesses vitality, we seem obliged to assume that the
molecule of protoplasm contains many molecules of proteids, probably in
various isomeric states, all capable of ready change and therefore
producing great instability of the aggregate they form. As before pointed
out (§ 4), a proteid-molecule includes more than 220 equivalents of several
so-called elements. Each of these undecomposed substances is now recognized
by chemists as almost certainly consisting of several kinds of components.
Hence the implication is that a proteid-molecule contains thousands of
units, of which the different classes have their respective rates of
inconceivably rapid oscillation, while each unit, receiving and emitting
ethereal undulations, affects others of its kind in its own and adjacent
molecules: an immensely complex structure having immensely complex
activities. And this complexity, material and dynamic, in the
proteid-molecule we must regard as raised to a far higher degree in the
unit of protoplasm. Here as elsewhere alternative impossibilities of
thought present themselves. We find it impossible to think of Life as
imported into the unit of protoplasm from without; and yet we find it
impossible to conceive it as emerging from the cooperation of the
components.
§ 36f. But now, having confessed that Life as a principle of activity is
unknown and unknowable--that while its phenomena are accessible to thought
the implied noumenon is inaccessible--that only the manifestations come
within the range of our intelligence while that which is manifested lies
beyond it; we may resume the conclusions reached in the preceding chapters.
Our surface knowledge continues to be a knowledge valid of its kind, after
recognizing the truth that it is only a surface knowledge.
For the conclusions we lately reached and the definition emerging from
them, concern the _order_ existing among the actions which living things
exhibit; and this order remains the same whether we know or do not know the
nature of that from which the actions originate. We found a distinguishing
trait of Life to be that its changes display a correspondence with
co-existences and sequences in the environment; and this remains a
distinguishing trait, though the thing which changes remains inscrutable.
The statement that the continuous adjustment of internal relations to
external relations constitutes Life as cognizable by us, is not invalidated
by the admission that the reality in which these relations inhere is
incognizable.
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