The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
comparatively marked and constant proximity in _B. pruinata_, Fig. 224,
we see a more decidedly unsymmetrical shape; and in _B. mahringii_,
Fig. 225, the modification thus caused is pushed so far as to destroy
the peltate structure.[34]
[Illustration: Figs. 222–225.]
§ 231. Again, then, we are taught the same truth. Here, as before,
we see that homologous units of any order become differentiated in
proportion as their relations to incident forces become different. And
here, as before, we see that in each unit, considered by itself, the
differences of dimension are greatest in those directions in which the
parts are most differently conditioned; while there are no differences
between the dimensions of the parts that are not differently
conditioned.[35]
CHAPTER X.
THE SHAPES OF FLOWERS.
§ 232. Following an order like that of preceding chapters, let us first
note a few typical facts respecting the forms of clusters of flowers,
apart from the forms of the flowers themselves. Two kindred kinds of
_Leguminosæ_ serve to show how the members of clusters are distributed
in an all-sided manner or in a two-sided manner, according as the
circumstances are alike on all sides or alike on only two sides. In
_Hippocrepis_, represented in Fig. 226, the flowers growing at the
end of a vertical stem, are arranged round it in radial symmetry.
Contrariwise in _Melilotus_, Fig. 227, where the axillary stem bearing
the flowers is so placed in relation to the main stem, that its outer
and inner faces are differently conditioned, the flowers are all on the
outer face: the cluster is bilaterally symmetrical, since it may be cut
into approximately equal and similar groups by a vertical plane passing
through the main axis.
[Illustration: Figs. 226, 227.]
Plants of this same tribe furnish clusters of intermediate characters
having intermediate conditions. Among these, as among the clusters
which other types present, may be found some in which conformity
to the general law is not obvious. The discussion of these apparent
anomalies would carry us too much out of our course. A clue to the
explanation of them will, I believe, be found in the explanation
presently to be given of certain kindred anomalies in the forms of
individual flowers.
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