The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
To complete the statement it must be added that these variations of
nutrition often determine the development or non-development of lateral
axes; and by so doing cause still more marked structural differences.
The Foxglove may be named as a plant which illustrates this truth.[40]
§ 240. From the morphological differentiations caused by unlikenesses
of nutrition felt by the whole plant, we pass now to those which are
thus caused in some of its parts and not in others. Among such are
the contrasts between flowering axes, and the axes that bear leaves
only. It has already been shown in § 78, that the belief expressed by
Wolff in a direct connexion between fructification and innutrition,
is justified inductively by many facts of many kinds. Deductively
too, in § 79, we saw reason to conclude that such a relation would be
established by survival of the fittest; seeing that it would profit
a species for its members to begin sending off migrating germs from
the ends of those axes which innutrition prevented from further
agamogenetic multiplication. Once more, when considering the nature of
the phænogamic axis, we found support for this belief in the fact that
the components of a flower exhibit a reversion to that type from which
the phænogamic type has probably arisen--a reversion which the laws of
embryology would lead us to look for where innutrition had arrested
development.
Hence, then, we may properly count those deviations of structure
which constitute inflorescence, as among the morphological
differentiations produced by local innutrition. I do not mean that the
detailed modifications which the essential and subservient organs of
fructification display, are thus accounted for: we have seen reason
to think them otherwise caused. But I mean that the morphological
characters which distinguish gamogenetic axes in general from
agamogenetic axes, such as non-development of the internodes and
dwarfing of the foliar organs, are primarily results of failure in the
supply of some material required for further growth.[41]
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