The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
It is needless for our present purpose to examine further the evidence
furnished by Histology; nor, indeed, would further examination of this
evidence be likely to yield definite results. In the cases given above
we have marked differences among the incident forces; and therefore
have a chance of finding, as we do find, relations between these and
differences of form. But the cells composing masses of tissue are
severally subject to forces which are indeterminate; and therefore
the interpretation of their shapes is impracticable. It must suffice
to observe that so far as the facts go they are congruous with the
hypothesis.
CHAPTER XVII.
SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
§ 262. That any formula should be capable of expressing a common
character in the shapes of things so unlike as a tree and a cow, a
flower and a centipede, is a remarkable fact; and is a fact which
affords strong _primâ facie_ evidence of truth. For in proportion to
the diversity and multiplicity of the cases to which any statement
applies, is the probability that it sets forth the essential relations.
Those connexions which remain constant under all varieties of
manifestation, are most likely to be the causal connexions.
Still higher will appear the likelihood of an alleged law of organic
form possessing so great a comprehensiveness, when we remember that on
the hypothesis of Evolution, there must exist between all organisms
and their environments, certain congruities expressible in terms of
their actions and reactions. The forces being, on this hypothesis, the
causes of the forms, it is inferable, _à priori_, that the forms
must admit of generalization in terms of the forces; and hence, such
a generalization arrived at _à posteriori_, gains the further
probability due to fulfilment of anticipation.
Nearer yet to certainty seems the conclusion thus reached, on finding
that it does but assert in their special manifestations, the laws of
Evolution in general--the laws of that universal re-distribution of
matter and motion which hold throughout the totality of things, as
well as in each of its parts.
It will be useful to glance back over the various minor inferences
arrived at, and contemplate them in their _ensemble_ from these
higher points of view.
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