The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
Along with this progressive integration there has gone on a progressive
differentiation. Vegetal units of whatever order, originally
homogeneous, have become heterogeneous while they have become united.
Spherical cells aggregating into threads, into laminæ, into masses, and
into special tissues, lose their sphericity; and instead of remaining
all alike assume innumerable unlikenesses--from uniformity pass
into multiformity. Fronds combining to form axes, severally acquire
definite differences between their attached ends and their free ends;
while they also diverge from one another in their shapes at different
parts of the axes they compose. And axes, uniting into aggregates of
a still higher order, become contrasted in their sizes, curvatures,
and the arrangements of their appendages. Similarly among animals.
Those components of them which, with a certain license, we class as
morphological units, while losing their minor individualities in the
major individualities formed of them, grow definitely unlike as they
grow definitely combined. And where the aggregates so produced become,
by coalescence, segments of aggregates of a still higher order, they,
too, diverge from one another in their shapes.
The morphological differentiation which thus goes hand in hand with
morphological integration, is clearly what the perpetually-complicating
conditions would lead us to anticipate. Every addition of a new unit
to an aggregate of such units, must affect the circumstances of the
other units in all varieties of ways and degrees, according to their
relative positions--must alter the distribution of mechanical strains
throughout the mass, must modify the process of nutrition, must affect
the relations of neighbouring parts to surrounding diffused actions;
that is, must initiate a changed incidence of forces tending ever to
produce changed structural arrangements.
§ 264. This broad statement of the correspondence between the general
facts of Morphological Development and the principles of Evolution
at large, may be reduced to statements of a much more specific kind.
The phenomena of symmetry and unsymmetry and asymmetry, which we have
traced out among organic forms, are demonstrably in harmony with those
laws of the re-distribution of matter and motion to which Evolution
conforms. Besides the myriad-fold illustrations of the instability of
the homogeneous, afforded by these aggregates of units of each order,
which, at first alike, lapse gradually into unlikeness; and besides
the myriad-fold illustrations of the multiplication of effects, which
these ever-complicating differentiations exhibit to us; we have also
myriad-fold illustrations of the definite equalities and inequalities
of structures, produced by definite equalities and inequalities of
forces.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account