The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)Spencer, Herbert
Science
The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (of 2)
Spencer, Herbert
Biology
On thus looking at the matter--on contemplating afresh the ideal type
shown in Fig. 106, and noting how, by the conditions of the case, the
secondary prolifications must cease before that primary prolification
which produces the main axis; we are enabled to reconcile all the
phenomena of axillary gemmation. We see harmony among the several
facts--first, that the axillary bud becomes a lateral, leaf-bearing
axis if there is abundant material for growth; second, that its
development is arrested, or it becomes a flower-bearing axis, if the
supply of sap is but moderate; third, that it is absent when the
nutrition is failing. We are no longer committed to the gratuitous
assumption that, in the phænogamic type, there must exist an axillary
bud to each foliar organ; but we are led to conclude, _à priori_,
that which we find, _à posteriori_, that axillary buds are as normally
absent in flowers as they are normally present lower down the axis. And
then, to complete the argument, we are prepared for the corollary that
axillary prolification may naturally arise even at the ends of axes,
should the failing nutrition which causes the dwarfing of the foliar
organs to form a flower, be suddenly changed into such high nutrition
as to transform the components of the flower into appendages that are
green, if not otherwise leaf-like--a condition under which only, this
phenomenon is proved to occur.
§ 195. One more question presents itself, when we contrast the early
stages of development in the two classes of Phænogams; and a further
answer, supplied by the hypothesis, gives to the hypothesis a further
probability. It is characteristic of a monocotyledon, to have a single
seed-leaf or cotyledon; and it is characteristic of a dicotyledon, to
have at least two cotyledons, if not more than two. That is to say, the
monocotyledonous mode of germination everywhere co-exists with the
endogenous mode of growth; and along with the exogenous mode of growth, there always goes either a dicotyledonous or
polycotyledonous germination. Why is this? Such correlations cannot be
accidental--cannot be meaningless. A true theory of the phænogamic
types in their origin and divergence, should account for the connexion
of these traits. Let us see whether the foregoing theory does this.
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