_Abies (Pinus, Tsuga) canadensis_, Hemlock Fir (Fig. 44). The principal American tanning material, and source of hemlock extract; averages 8-10 per cent. of a catechol-tannin, but variable, 18 per cent. reported, possibly from a different species. Abundant in Canada and the Northern and North-western States of America. The bark of old trees, which is principally used for tanning and extract-making, is 2-4 cm. thick, smooth and yellow within, greyish and deeply fissured without. The ross, which is red and thick, contains a considerable quantity of tannin, with much dark-red phlobaphen. It does not differ in structure from the inner living and yellow “flesh.” The bark is easily recognisable by its well-marked concave lamellæ of cork, cutting off successive layers of “ross” of several millimetres in thickness. (Von Höhnel, _ibid._, p. 42.) [Illustration: FIG. 44.[136]--Hemlock Fir (_Tsuga canadense_).] [136] Bastin and Trimble’s American Coniferæ, American Journal of Pharmacy. _Abies alba_ (_Picea alba_), White Spruce, North America. In character of tree and bark very similar to Norway spruce. _Larix europæa_ D.C. (_Abies_ or _Pinus Larix_), Larch. Fr. _Mélèze_; Ger. _Lärche_. Contains 9-10 per cent. pale catechol-tannin, mild and suitable for light leathers. Used, especially in Scotland, for basil tannage. _Pinus halepensis_, Aleppo Pine. An important tanning material of the Mediterranean coasts. The outer bark, stripped like cork from the living tree (_Scorza_ or _Cortegia rossa_), is a deep red tannage, and contains about 15 per cent. of tannin very similar to hemlock. It is largely used in the island of Syra. The inner and fleshy part of the bark, only obtained when the tree is cut, is _Snoubar_ or _Snobar_ bark, containing up to 25 per cent. of lighter coloured tannin. This bark is reddish brown, and pretty smooth on both sides, except for shell-like depressions on the outer surface. The “scorza rossa” is dark red-brown internally, grey and irregular outside, frequently very thick, and divided into successive layers of 1-2 mm. thickness by cork lamellæ. (Von Höhnel, _ibid._, p. 44.) In appearance the tree resembles the Scotch fir. _Pinus tæda_, America; _P. Laricio_, Austrian Pine; _P. maritima_, Mediterranean; _P. Cembra_, Alps, Tyrol, 3-5 per cent.; _P. sylvestris_, Scotch Fir. Ger. _Kiefer_; Fr. _Pin sauvage_, 4-5 per cent. _P. longifolia_ Roxb., India, 11-14 per cent. _Juniperus communis_, Juniper. Bark used in Russia. _Podocarpus elongata_ and _Thunbergii_, Cape of Good Hope; _Geelhout_, Yellow woods. _Phyllocladus trichomanoides_, New Zealand; _Tanekahi_, _Tarsekahi_, _Kiri-toa-toa_, “Golden Tan.” Used in dyeing glove-leather. Tannin, 30 per cent., gives green blacks with iron. _P. asplenifolia_, Tasmania, Celery-topped Pine; 23 per cent. _Phyllocladus_ belongs to Yew family. LILIACEÆ. _Scilla maritima_, Squill. Tannin stated from 2-24 per cent. More valuable for pharmacy. PALMÆ.