[141] Those who desire a more definite formulation may consult J. Fiske's 'Cosmic Philosophy,' vol. ii, pp. 142-146 and Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' sections 302 and 303, and the part entitled 'Physical Synthesis' of his 'Principles of Psychology.' Mr. Spencer there tries, not only to show how new actions may arise in nervous systems and form new reflex arcs therein, but even how nervous tissue may actually be born by the passage of new waves of isometric transformation through an originally indifferent mass. I cannot help thinking that Mr. Spencer's data, under a great show of precision, conceal vagueness and improbability, and even self-contradiction. [142] 'Mental Physiology' (1874) pp. 339-345. [143] [See, later, Masius in Van Benedens' and Van Bambeke's 'Archives de Biologie,' vol. i (Liège, 1880).--W. J.] [144] G. H. Schneider: 'Der menschliche Wille' (1882), pp. 417-419 (freely translated). For the drain-simile, see also Spencer's 'Psychology,' part v, chap. viii. [145] Physiology of Mind, p. 155. [146] Carpenter's 'Mental Physiology' (1874), pp. 217, 218. [147] Von Hartmann devotes a chapter of his 'Philosophy of the Unconscious' (English translation, vol. i, p. 72) to proving that they must be both _ideas_ and _unconscious_. [148] 'Mental Physiology,' p. 20. [149] 'Der menschliche Wille,' pp. 447, 448. [150] 'Der menschliche Wille,' p. 439. The last sentence is rather freely translated--the sense is unaltered. [151] Huxley's 'Elementary Lessons in Physiology,' lesson xii. [152] See the admirable passage about success at the outset, in his Handbuch der Moral (1878), pp. 38-43. [153] J. Bahnsen: 'Beiträge zu Charakterologie' (1867), vol i, p. 209. [154] See for remarks on this subject a readable article by Miss V. Scudder on 'Musical Devotees and Morals,' in the Andover Review for January. 1887. CHAPTER V. THE AUTOMATON-THEORY. In describing the functions of the hemispheres a short way back, we used language derived from both the bodily and the mental life, saying now that the animal made indeterminate and unforeseeable reactions, and anon that he was swayed by considerations of future good and evil; treating his hemispheres sometimes as the seat of memory and ideas in the psychic sense, and sometimes talking of them as simply a complicated addition to his reflex machinery. This sort of vacillation in the point of view is a fatal incident of all ordinary talk about these questions; but I must now settle my scores with those readers to whom I already dropped a word in passing (see Footnote 6) and who have probably been dissatisfied with my conduct ever since.