The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)James, William
Philosophy
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
"Now this conception, habit, or tendency of the mind, call it which
you please, is considerably strengthened by the frequent use of
language and by the structure of it. Language is the sole channel
through which we communicate our knowledge and discoveries to
others, and through which the knowledge and discoveries of others
are communicated to us. By reiterated recourse to this medium, it
necessarily happens that when things are related to each other, the
words signifying those things are more commonly brought together in
discourse. Hence the words and names by themselves, by customary
vicinity, contract in the fancy a relation additional to that which
they derive purely from being the symbols of related things. Farther,
this tendency is strengthened by the structure of language. All
languages whatever, even the most barbarous, as far as hath yet
appeared, are of a regular and analogical make. The consequence is
that similar relations in things will be expressed similarly; that
is, by similar inflections, derivations, compositions, arrangement
of words, or juxtaposition of particles, according to the genius or
grammatical form of the particular tongue. Now as, by the habitual use
of a language (even though it were quite irregular), the signs would
insensibly become connected in the imagination wherever the things
signified are connected in nature, so, by the regular structure of a
language, this connection among the signs is conceived as analogous to
that which subsisteth among their archetypes."
If we know English and French and begin a sentence in French, all the
later words that come are French; we hardly ever drop into English.
And this affinity of the French words for each other is not something
merely operating mechanically as a brain-law, it is something we feel
at the time. Our understanding of a French sentence heard never falls
to so low an ebb that we are not aware that the words linguistically
belong together. Our attention can hardly so wander that if an English
word be suddenly introduced we shall not start at the change. Such
a vague sense as this of the words belonging together is the very
minimum of fringe that can accompany them, if 'thought' at all. Usually
the vague perception that all the words we hear belong to the same
language and to the same special vocabulary in that language, and that
the grammatical sequence is familiar, is practically equivalent to an
admission that what we hear is sense. But if an unusual foreign word
be introduced, if the grammar trip, or if a term from an incongruous
vocabulary suddenly appear, such as 'rat-trap' or 'plumber's bill' in a
philosophical discourse, the sentence detonates, as it were, we receive
a shock from the incongruity, and the drowsy assent is gone. The
feeling of rationality in these cases seems rather a negative than a
positive thing, being the mere absence of shock, or sense of discord,
between the terms of thought.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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