The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)James, William
Philosophy
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
Now this spiritual self may be considered in various ways. We may
divide it into faculties, as just instanced, isolating them one from
another, and identifying ourselves with either in turn. This is an
_abstract_ way of dealing with consciousness, in which, as it actually
presents itself, a plurality of such faculties are always to be
simultaneously found; or we may insist on a concrete view, and then the
spiritual self in us will be either the entire stream of our personal
consciousness, or the present 'segment' or 'section' of that stream,
according as we take a broader or a narrower view--both the stream and
the section being concrete existences in time, and each being a unity
after its own peculiar kind. But whether we take it abstractly or
concretely, our considering the spiritual self at all is a reflective
process, is the result of our abandoning the outward-looking point of
view, and of our having become able to think of subjectivity as such,
_to think ourselves as thinkers_.
This attention to thought as such, and the identification of ourselves
with it rather than with any of the objects which it reveals, is a
momentous and in some respects a rather mysterious operation, of which
we need here only say that as a matter of fact it exists; and that in
everyone, at an early age, the distinction between thought as such,
and what it is 'of' or 'about,' has become familiar to the mind. The
deeper grounds for this discrimination may possibly be hard to find;
but superficial grounds are plenty and near at hand. Almost anyone will
tell us that thought is a different sort of existence from things,
because many sorts of thought are of no things--e.g., pleasures, pains,
and emotions; others are of non-existent things--errors and fictions;
others again of existent things, but in a form that is symbolic
and does not resemble them--abstract ideas and concepts; whilst in
the thoughts that do resemble the things they are 'of' (percepts,
sensations), we can feel, alongside of the thing known, the thought of
it going on as an altogether separate act and operation in the mind.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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