The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)James, William
Philosophy
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
My own belief is that no such succession of conscious feelings as
Wundt describes takes place during stage 3. It is a process of central
excitement and discharge, with which doubtless some feeling coexists,
but _what_ feeling we cannot tell, because it is so fugitive and so
immediately eclipsed by the more substantive and enduring memory
of the impression as it came in, and of the executed movement of
response. Feeling of the impression, attention to it, thought of
the reaction, volition to react, _would_, undoubtedly, all be links
of the process _under other conditions_,[111] and would lead to the
same reaction--after an indefinitely longer time. But these other
conditions are not those of the experiments we are discussing; and it
is mythological psychology (of which we shall see many later examples)
to conclude that because two mental processes lead to the same result
they must be similar in their inward subjective constitution. The
feeling of stage 3 is certainly no articulate perception. It can be
nothing but the mere sense of a reflex discharge. _The reaction whose
time is measured is_, in short, _a reflex action pure and simple, and
not a psychic act_. A foregoing psychic condition is, it is true, a
prerequisite for this reflex action. The preparation of the attention
and volition; the expectation of the signal and the readiness of the
hand to move, the instant it shall come; the nervous tension in which
the subject waits, are all conditions of the formation in him for the
time being of a new path or arc of reflex discharge. The tract from
the sense-organ which receives the stimulus, into the motor centre
which discharges the reaction, is already tingling with premonitory
innervation, is raised to such a pitch of heightened irritability by
the expectant attention, that the signal is instantaneously sufficient
to cause the overflow.[112] No other tract of the nervous system is,
at the moment, in this hair-trigger condition. The consequence is
that one sometimes responds to a _wrong_ signal, especially if it be
an impression of the same _kind_ with the signal we expect.[113] But
if by chance we are tired, or the signal is unexpectedly weak, and
we do not react instantly, but only after an express perception that
the signal has come, and an express volition, the time becomes quite
disproportionately long (a second or more, according to Exner[114]),
and we feel that the process is in nature altogether different.
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