The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)James, William
Science
The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2 (of 2)
James, William
Psychology
This account of Steinthal's brings out very clearly the _difference
between our psychological conceptions and what are called concepts
in logic_. In logic a concept is unalterable; but what are popularly
called our 'conceptions of things' alter by being used. The aim of
'Science' is to attain conceptions so adequate and exact that we shall
never need to change them. There is an everlasting struggle in every
mind between the tendency to keep unchanged, and the tendency to
renovate, its ideas. Our education is a ceaseless compromise between
the conservative and the progressive factors. Every new experience must
be disposed of under _some_ old head. The great point is to find the
head which has to be least altered to take it in. Certain Polynesian
natives, seeing horses for the first time, called them pigs, that being
the nearest head. My child of two played for a week with the first
orange that was given him, calling it a 'ball.' He called the first
whole eggs he saw 'potatoes,' having been accustomed to see his 'eggs'
broken into a glass, and his potatoes without the skin. A folding
pocket-corkscrew he unhesitatingly called 'bad-scissors.' Hardly any
one of us can make new heads easily when fresh experiences come. Most
of us grow more and more enslaved to the stock conceptions with which
we have once become familiar, and less and less capable of assimilating
impressions in any but the old ways. Old-fogyism, in short, is the
inevitable terminus to which life sweeps us on. Objects which violate
our established habits of 'apperception' are simply not taken account
of at all; or, if on some occasion we are forced by dint of argument to
admit their existence, twenty-four hours later the admission is as if
it were not, and every trace of the unassimilable truth has vanished
from our thought. Genius, in truth, means little more than the faculty
of perceiving in an unhabitual way.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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